The Famous Accidents and Catastrophe in History - Assignment Example

Accidents and catastrophes Name: Class: Teacher: Subject: Roll No: Date University Contents 2 Contents 2 Abstract 3 The famous accidents and catastrophe in history: 4 UK disaster management plans, legislation and reconstruction strategies 8 Conclusion: 10 References: 12 Abstract Accident is basically an incident which is unexpected, unusual or happens in a specific time or place. An accident is basically happen without obvious cause but marked great effects. There are many kind of accident like car accident, plan crash etc. by having an accident analysis we came to know that the cause or the incident may be of different or same kind. There is almost hundred of accident occurs on daily bases in all around the world. On the catastrophes is a terrible disaster or accident which especially one that leads to great loss of life. It is a sudden change and violent change in the earth’s crust caused by an earthquake, flood, or any other natural process. Talking about the nature of accident or catastrophe they are sudden or just happened accidentally but they become the cause of death and injuries of many people around the world. Most of these accident and catastrophe also become cause of significant property damage. The most common disasters are like earthquake, floods, hurricanes etc. tsunamis, land slides are the one which is ranked among the most popular natural forces who become the cause of this disasters. It is not like that, that all the disaster is just because of forced nature there are many other things like in modern side it also include the accident of carrying airplanes, ships, rails etc. then also the fire explosion or fire catch the home or building also become the cause of that disaster. Now the act of war and terror is also become cause of that destruction. All the terror activities are intentional rather than accidental. Any accident or damage which is not caused by any human intervention or due to its negligence likes floods, these are such problems on which human had no control and for that no person will be held responsible for the loss or injuries to any human. The famous accidents and catastrophe in history: There was a crash of a plan that is pan Am flight 103 which is considered one of the worst disasters in the history. That was occurred on December 21, 1955. It was happened when the flight 109 was exploded over a town in the Scotland and crashed over there. That flight was taken almost 244 passengers by having the 15 crew members. Where it was crashed that was a small village and due to that 11 residents was also died. No one still no what happen some people think that may be it was a terror activity but still no one have any idea that what exactly happened on that day. Hurricane Hugo destroys and damage almost 90% of the house in the United States in Virgin Islands. That was the big disaster on earth people find no way to live anywhere. Tsunami Disaster 2004 South Asia Earthquake 2005 Died: 150,000 Died: 100, 00 Displaced: 1.5 Million Displaced: 3.3 Million Funds raised: $10 Billion Funds Rose: $5.9 Billion courtesy. As tsunami is one of the biggest disasters in the world. Then we can see hundred of examples of car or road side accidents which are caused due to negligence or by violating the law. Many of people died in road side’s accident daily mostly in Asian countries. Then fire may catch the building, home or nay other place due to short circuit or any other reason. (US department of transportation) Data which shows the accident or injuries figure in different years. Fatalities Injuries Accidents Year Derailments Collisions Other Derailments Collisions Other Derailments Collisions Other 1980 8 20 1 286 341 38 6,442 1,201 562 1985 2 6 0 197 223 56 2,495 366 414 1990 2 8 0 272 139 40 2,146 315 418 1991 10 5 4 174 103 49 1,936 261 461 1992 2 1 3 71 59 41 1,734 207 418 1993 53 14 0 179 87 42 1,930 205 476 1994 2 8 2 120 118 24 1,825 240 439 1995 2 7 5 90 151 53 1,742 235 482 1996 6 16 3 98 146 37 1,816 205 422 1997 2 9 6 111 51 21 1,741 202 454 1998 1 1 2 61 32 36 1,757 168 650 1999 1 7 1 41 62 26 1,961 205 602 2000 2 1 7 121 89 65 2,112 238 633 2001 1 4 1 113 145 52 2,234 220 569 2002 7 4 4 242 159 43 1,950 189 539 2003 1 0 3 116 55 55 2,115 200 677 2004 2 8 3 89 70 58 2,236 255 613 This table includes train accidents only; it excludes all highway-rail grade crossing accidents; it includes both passenger and freight railroad operations. By having Analyses a range of different accidents/ catastrophes commenting on their consequences, the lessons learned from them and any implications for legislation resulting from them. There are many OECD countries that are mostly affected by the major harmful disaster which happened in this year. Then if we consider all these things then human ad the economic conditions are mostly affected by that. Just because of all that the consequence there is a big change and uncertainty in the global economy. As we know that these accidents and catastrophes have multidisciplinary nature and the risk is almost in the management side of every field. The OECD is the one who make the analysis of all the impacts of disasters on economy as well as on society. All that analysis is basically for the large disasters like earthquake, Chernobyl nuclear accident, hurricane and the terrorist attacks like on 11 September. There are many sources or events which are different in many of its aspects like having an extension of damage, in which government is involved. Like these things are effected the economies and societies. (2002) The earth quake which came in marmara was considered one of the biggest earth quakes in the world. Its magnitude was 7.6 and 7.2 respectively. It was the year 1999 and the date was 17 of august and 12 of November. That place is in turkey. The area which is affected is 23% of the population, 34% of the gross national product, and of 46% of the industrial total out put. The kocaeli- sakarya region is basically considered as the main industrial land in the country and it was providing almost 16% of total government revenues. Its insured loss is almost 1 to 2 billion and the impact on its fiscal side is 1.8 billion in 1999 and 4.2 billion in 2000. (2002, 2003) In 26 April 1986 there was an incident in the meltdown of unit 4 of Chernobyl nuclear power plant bring a great disaster. It was located at Ukraine. There were almost 31 people who become immediate victims. But the big disaster was that 23 million people who lived in the contaminated area inside the country were badly affected. The report was up to 135,000 people who are greatly affected by that accident. The economic damage was up to 2.8 billion. The fiscal impact is about 18 billion during the year of 1986- 1991. Then the cumulative expenses from the year 1991 to 2001 are 20% of the 2001 gross domestic product. Till now they spend close to 2% of their GDP in the Chernobyl related projects. (2002 review). Then very latest attack that is 11 September which is considered terrorist attacks in USA due to which the economy of the world shattered and world is facing the economy problems. An airplane was hijacked and crashed by the terrorists on 11 September 2001. The place was New York Washington DC and Pennsylvania in United States. The fatalities were over than 3000. And the economic damage is about 120 billion. Then also the destruction of the physical assets was also 16 billion estimated in the national accounts. Then almost 200,000 jobs were lost or relocated. The on business side the business and consumer index falls very sharply. In that year the rate of unemployment rose up from 5% in September to 5.8% in December. Then the GDP fell only the moderately in the third quarter and then in the fourth quarter it rose again. The insured loss was almost 19 billion in which the life and liability insurance loss was excluded. So the total was 40 to 50 billion (OCED 2002, 2003). In southern Florida peninsula and in the south central Louisiana in United States at 24 august 1992 a hurricane was come. The fatality which was counted is 38 and the damage is about 25% billion of USD. In Florida there was more than 135,000 houses was completely destroyed or damaged and the person who become homeless they are 160,000. Then almost 86000 people are those who lost their jobs. In Louisiana there were some additional homes that were 21,000 which were also completely destroyed. The insured loss was about to 20 billion in which the life and all the liabilities of insurance loss are excluded. (2, 2003) UK disaster management plans, legislation and reconstruction strategies In order to get a fast recovery there should be some strategies by having which the economy can recover very fast and will be able to tackle any kind of accidents or disasters in future. In that way the insurers are the one who play the main and very active role in remodeling the risk or the accidental object. Then they were making order by having some limit for their customer. In this modern age now the environmental insurance or having the jobs risks, carriers or any other technical problem that is in the risk modeling. In this case before transfer any kind of object there is a full inspection of the property and after that it will evaluate just for the protection purpose. (OECD 2004) By having that complement risk the remodeling strategies, then premiums must be very closely tied to all the effective preventions to avoid any kind of incontinence. They have to adopt strategy with the help of which they are measuring the impact of the accident and catastrophes on the large scale. (OECD 2004) The disaster must have some of the substantial impacts because some disasters destroy the economic stability. They have to maintain the GDP level. Because now as the terror is surrounding all over so in order to deal with such situation they must have the strategy by having which they make the economic stabilize and low the rate of inflation, because it will also effect on the consumer and business confidence. Then in this way there should be liquidity required in the financial side and other state imbalances which may engender. Then there should be some flexibility in the decision making because accidents and these disasters can happen any time there is no specific time for them so in order to cope with all these things. So decision making must be capable of reacting to any unexpected in any time and to make it more effective. (OECD 2004) At the macroeconomic level they have to make such polices or adopt such strategies by having which they can stabilize the rate of inflation. So in this way it is very important that the state or the government preserve all the substantial margins in the side of finance or the budget area, then the possibility in the monetary side. Then the government must have to consider every stake holder in order to build a relation of trust in them. By having all this the investors will not heisted to invest there finance to your country because the have the security they are safe and in case of any damage the government will help them to recover. Because now as the economic conditions are not good due to all the terror affects in this ways this is the best strategy by the state to make there trust on the long term basis towards public and also towards there investors. Because otherwise some question may be in there mind and without having there answers they will not be able to invest. Like how there living conditions and also there business conditions stop from affecting these disasters? They by which means they will be able to recover there damages? Are the state or the government of the country will help them or secure there business in the condition of any disaster or terror activity? If they don’t find any answer it will become very difficult for them to invest there business in any country. Conclusion: As we see that the accident and the catastrophes are not an planned activity but by having this the state where all that happen may effect its condition. As now there are many terrorist attacks are imposing in different part of world and by having all that the economy of the country effect most. There should be some plans or strategies which all the governments or states should be adopted in order to tackle these destroyers. As when in any country any thing happened the entire world was there to help the country by providing aids. Because of each disasters is of different kind and nature so it is really very difficult to make or conclude any universal lessons or economic recovery because some time they are on very big scale. So first of all these largest scale disaster should be at economic or local level. As by having the physical destruction or the loss of lives, jobs, houses, disruption or interruption of the economy and business. Because having the best strategy the country can recover very fast as we see Turkish marmara region or any other bid countries they have such strategies they recover within few years rather you can say they recover very quickly from these disasters. There should be a package or any other funds by having which the government will be able to tackle the problem and they don’t have to look towards anyone. The strategies which should be adopted by the state have the capability to get recover from any disasters. Then to handle the financial problem of public due to such disaster as they feel there state is always there to help them. There such be some insurance policies with the help of which public can claim there losses. So there should be some relief for them. Then at economy side it also affect the macroeconomic polices because at that level they have the distortion effects so that may be create any kind of problems and economic uncertainty in the state. The government should develop the level of confidence to the public and investors that they will help out all the financial and other problems of there personal property or lives. May God help us and bless us in such a way that we spend a happy a free life in the world without having the fear of terror or any accident in our state or in world. Because this earth is our home and everyone living in this earth want to live happy and terror free. References: Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation. OECD, economics effects of the 1999 Turkish earthquakes: an interim report, economics department working papers, no 247, 2000 The marmara earthquakes in turkey, chapter 3 of this book no 2, 2003. CRED/OFDA database; World Bank, Belarus Chernobyl review, 2002. OECD, THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF TERRORISM, ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT WORKING PAPERS. No 335, 2002, Swiss re sigma no 2, 2003 The united states national oceanic and atmospheric administration’s press release for the 10 anniversary of Hurricane Andrew, 22 august 2002, Swiss re sigma no 2, 2003 OECD economic disasters 2004. Read More