Corporation Threat to Economies, Civil Societies and the Environment - Literature review Example

Corporation Threat to Economies, Civil Societies and the Environment Name Instructor Institutional Affiliation Date Table of Contents 1.0 Executive summary……………………………………………………………. 3 2.0 Introduction ………………………………………………….…………………3 3.0 findings and discussion …………………………………….…………………. 4 3.1 Corporation thrusts to the economy…………………………………… 4 3.2 Corporations threat to the civil societies………………………………. 7 3.3 Corporations threat to the environment ……………………………….. 10 4.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….. 11 5.0 Recommendations …………………………………………………………….. 11 6.0 References …………………………………………………………………….. 13 Executive Summary Corporations both public and private pose and the threat to the societies we live in. Corporations in the recent times are hugely involved in criminality which in great extent threatens the economy of the state, civil societies as well as the environment. Private corporations are the main violators of the society, with many involving themselves in activities which pollute the environment. Corporations are involved in massive manufacturing and production activities, which markets them command the market, ruining other small films; pollute the environment and monopolize the public market with their goods, besides that, the corporations are hugely involved in criminal activities which are highly covered by their high financial and political influence. Tin this way these corporations are negatively affecting the society economy wise, polluting the environmental ruining the civil societies Introduction Corporations are increasingly becoming a social and economic threat to the countries they’re based in, most of these corporations are global corporations, which operate in more than one country, and some even operate in almost every continent in the world. These corporations are involved in crimes ranging from economic crimes to environmental crimes as and even the civil society crimes (Tomasic et al, 2007, pg. 107. This paper addresses the corporation’s effects to the society, with their negative impacts on the country’s economy, civil society movements as well as the environmental pollution. Findings and Discussion i. Corporations Threats to the Economy. According to Perkins (2007, pg. 69), one of the main corporate economic crimes is categorized as the false advertising, which affects the general public and the consumers. Corporations are very powerful entities in the societies today, they control, every sector they are involved in, in advertising, and these corporations are hugely involved in fraudulent adverts, which ruin the way the general public and the consumers. Their violation emanates from the labelling of their products, most of this corporation post a wrong and misleading information on their containers, as labels which is intentionally meant to lure consumers to like and buy their product (Perkins. 2007, pg. 69). Wrong labelling is a crime, and it ruins the consumer, by increasing their expectations on the product, when the original container has a wrong and relatively product of low value. As James (2015, pg. 97) asserts, corporations sell the product at elevated prices, basing the fact that most of the corporations are the market leaders and dominate the market with these products. In this case, these corporations can increase their prices, while leaving the consumer with little actions to do but to spend more. Society's expenditure surpasses their expectation their economy is highly compromised, this move results in an elevated cost of living, making the society save little of their future. And in this case, their economic situation is highly compromised. According to Perkins (2007, pg. 69), another way in which the corporations compromise the state economy is by tax evasion, most of the corporations are large scale business entities. They earn a lot of profits from their business and hence are obliged to pay a huge amount of taxes to the government, however, in most instances, these corporations involved in fraud activities of tax evasion. Tax evasion or under tax payment is a crime in most of the countries in the world. Nevertheless, these corporations are of great influence on the political, economic and social welfare of the society. Hence they evade these taxes, and amid the tight government laws on taxation, they remain in the position of practicing the fraud activity. Evading taxation collectively for the corporation in the country coats the country financial sources when more amounts of money could be used for the state developmental in easing of cost of living (Perkins, 2007, pg. 70). These corporations remain challenging the country economic development t while pocketing huge amounts of profits at the consumer expenses. According to Sauvant et al, (2008 page 29), some corporation are involved in the violation of licensing restrictions. Licensing restrictions re the obligations and the limitations stated in the licensing given by a certain state organ to the business entity of a corporation stating the far it should reach with their business, or simply the terms of its operations. Most of these corporations are involved in highly violating the terms stated in these licencing, but stripping out of the restricted terms to operate past the limits. Such businesses are represented in the legal system by very influential law practitioners who make them not lose any case, in addition to their powerful political influence, most of these corporations end up escaping the lawsuits. Violating a licensing restriction is a crime, and anyone liable of offending the state is liable to conviction, but with these powerful business entities, they find it easy to manipulate the responsible personal and get away with these licensing associated crimes (Sauvant et al., 2008 pg. 29). Additionally, these crimes deeply affect the state economy once they operate in areas they are not bound to, making go other low forms lack nosiness market. Sauvant et al, (2008, pg. 29) assert that Corporations are in mist instance involved with worker and labour law violations, mast businesses find it hard to cope with the high number of employees the government allows or restricts them to have. Most government have restricted amount of employees a business entity can enjoy employ, mostly lower mark where these operations must employ past. The government sets such limits so that most of these corporations can earn more and employ more to benefit the society however, most of the business entities find it hard to cope with the high number of employees the government sets for them. the corporations end up reduce ng their desired employee number by putting some employees on contract of par time basis, to reduce their expenses, as a means of maximising profits, once the business entity retrenches its employees the impacts are felt by the society which produce these employees. Most people lose their jobs and their economic potential worsens. The corporates overwork the existing workers, making more and more profit at the expense of the consumer (Nathaan, 2012, pg. 45). This is an unlawful practise but must of the corporations get away with it, making it hard for the economy to grow healthy. As Sauvant et al, (2008, pg. 30) ascribes, misrepresentation of financial accounts is a yet another economic crime associated with the global corporations. A corporations operating in or than one country is often involve in crimes like these. Collectively, a misrepresentation of financial system from these corporations in each individual corporations makes the companies illegally save a lot of funds from the public eye. This is majorly made to evade taxes, and maker less payment of the employees, the other stakeholders and maximise profits. This is criminal activity affecting the economies of the county where these corporations are involved in. corruption occurs in mat form in the private sector, and with this being of the forms of corruption, the managers and other major stakeholders make to pocket large amounts of cash from these corporations from what they are entitled to receive (Sauvant et al., 2008, pg. 30). Again, this move is criminal activity by private corporations, and it ruins the company of the given country of operation. Sauvant et al., (2008, pg. 30) chronicle that corporation is involved din stock market manipulation. Stock market manipulation happened when these large scale corporations lure the stock market officials to the sale of the hike the process of their sales. In such a case, the corporations are in a position to seek more of their shares to the public, putting them in opposition to rearm more the officials of the stock market, as well as those of the corporation. These effects are as well, meant to receive some of these shares making them illegally possess and involve the public I buying shares they did not well owe to (Sauvant et al., 2008, pg. 30). This move makes other low ranked firms lack customers for their shares sale, such practice poses a slow growth rate, weakening the other company’s financial sector. According to Cox and Hazen (2006, pg. 78) commercial bribery another form of corruption hugely associated with corporations operation in the global scene. This voice is common to the large corporations who silence their competitors of government officials by bribing other high-level decision makers in the society. Bribing for instance a judge of high court who is handling a case attacking the corporation is a criminal offense. These business entities are such and make huge money offers to those high ranked officials, hard to resist so as to rule in their favour (Cox & Hazen, 2006, pg. 78). By doing this these corporations ruin the society, by them doing what they feel is right for their businesses, even though it is illegal. ii. Corporation’s Threats to the Civil Societies As Cox and Hazen (2006, pg. 78) asserts that corporations have been a vital threat to the civil societies, with the main threat being hindering their freedom of expression, association, and peaceful assembly. Corporations pose powerful entities in the societies we live in. their power worried every civil society member. Most of the civil society members are majorly after seeing a successful society where everyone talks part with no discrimination, and everything is done as per by law. However, since many of these corporations do not go by the laws, they threaten the abilities of these potential civil societies, in what they are incapable of doing (Cox & Hazen, 2006, pg. 78). The civil society represents the fair community that every lobbyist belongs to, most of them re against the violations done by these corporations, since the corporations have financial my political support, they are hard to lobby against, as they threaten the civil society against going against their wishes. Cox and Hazen (2006, pg. 77) chronicle that corporations influence the law-making organs to pass laws favouring them in the business market while the same laws depressor harm the civil societies. The large business entities are highly connected to the government and the law making bodies of the government, hence, is they need ant association to have a certain law, they can easily manipulate the responsible organs to pass laws which favour them. These laws are hence not well doing for the civil societies; they only oppress those (Cox & Hazen, 2006, pg. 77). In this case, the civil society and the other associated members of the society is discouraged to stage any complaints to the authorities since the laws are for the corporate society. As Cox and Hazen (2006, pg. 77) asserts, the corporate society represents the richest posting on the world. One percent of the world population own more than ninety percent of the world wealth. These one percent’s are majorly the corporate society, and the remaining ninety-nine percent are the general population and the civil societies, hence, with this an immense amount of wealth, these corporations are in a pole position to influence whatever decision they need in the society. The Oxfam International projects that the world is currently inhibited by a man eat man economy, where these corporations and the other richest individual exist and make profits at the expense of the poor population, who are the consumers as the civil society at large (Cox & Hazen, 2006, pg. 77). Therefore, the rich are majorly belonging to the corporations and are oppressing the civil society so they can remain rich. Cox and Hazen (2006, pg. 77) ascertain that in les democratic countries the corporations take charge of these areas and rule the local civil society by immensely exploring their resources. Lack of democracy is imminent and dangerous, as it is witnessed in some of the South American, Asian and also other African countries. These corporation set into the less democratic nation, grab the most relevant resources while making the local civil societies pay for their operations, paying less for the larger amounts of profits they make (Bond, 2009, pg. 86). Governments in the less democratic nations lack the power to deal with international corporations and allow then do what they want in their nations, in far of governmental sanctions from the host nations and more powerful nations where these corporations come from. According to Murray (2016, pg., 39), corporations similarly threaten democracy in some of the countries in the world. By diminishing the democracy when they occupy most of the decision-making platforms in the country. For instance, the business sections and the business persons dominate the united national assembly, and hence are given the ability to discuss and contribute, hence the more chances they are given the more it is easy for them to pass laws favouring them. Business entities as well as large corporation are the key employment drivers in any society of the world, these entities utilize their chance and make an opportunity of ruining the democracy of the sectors they are based in, sit her they can pass laws of even involve in actions which deprive democracy in large extend. According to Davis (2016, pg. 50), global corporation hinders to some extend the development in the societies we live in, most of these corporations are good at blindfolding the civil society with little foundation allocations and as well as petty helps they give the small-disadvantaged groups. However, these business entities never involve themselves in any development concept of the community, meant to slow or hinder their business operation. The factors these businesses consider is the possibility of competitor setting in after they well develop the society, or the amounts of the profits they earn going to be bumped to these development projects (Davis, 2016, pg. 50). A corporate body earn its profits and wellbeing from the society which it barely participated to develop. This is termed as the highest level of exploitation of the civil society. iii. Corporations Threat to the Environment According to Dunning and Lundan (2008, pg. 43), environmental pollution is one of the key challenges facing the world today, this menace is the leading cause of the threatening global warming, environmental pollution can occur at any level, from both small businesses to large corporations. Water and air pollution are the main forms of pollution affecting the earth; corporations are the leading pollution causes in the world (Dunning & Lundan, 2008, pg. 43). Air pollution majorly results in large greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, which is leading cause of global warming. As Dunning and Lundan (2008, pg. 43) assert, corporation son the world are the leading manufacturers and ate involved in the greenhouse gas emission regulation defaulting. Almost all of the developed nations, including Australia, are regulating the amount of gasses each company emits to the atmosphere, where these companies pay for the amount of these gasses they emit. This happens in a bid to regulate and limit the amount of these gasses emitted into the atmosphere. The companies are highly encouraged to emit less and make usage of fewer greenhouses gas emission methods in the air, however, these corporations tend to default these regulations and licensing, by irregularly emitting more than they are supposed to emit (LimiSchenk, 2013, pg. 78). This makes these corporations are making, ore emissions in the atmosphere leading to more devastating effects of global warming. According to Palmiter (2009, pg. 66), water pollution is yet another form of pollution these corporations re highly indulging in sea and river liquid waste emission is highly evident in most of the private companies, which make then sea life more threatened. Sea pollution similarly contributed to the human wellbeing, when the sea life is diminished it tempers with human food. Corporations are hugely involved in human environmental health issues, a rising concern maliciously ignored by action by these business entities. Conclusion. Corporations are of late getting involved in many global crimes. Global corporates are the leading among these business entities in luring the social eye into doing the evil practice to harm the public. To the economy, the corporations are involved in a couple of economic crimes which hinder the economic development, among these are the false labelling, false advertising, defaulting of labour laws, as well as tax evasion. In civil society, the corporations are highly manipulating the members of the civil society, to silence them up criticizing them. The civil society is silenced by the corporation inability to control the law making process and make rules favouring them. Lastly these businesses entities are highly in environmental pollution by emitting greenhouse gasses, contributing to global warming well ruining the sea life by polluting the water. Recommendations The following are the some of the recommendations towards stopping corporate criminology 1. Establishment of smooth and clear standards to understand the working of corporate societies from the top down, for the employees to have a manual that helps them understand their standards to bar rules from becoming arbitrary. 2. Governments to always look at the reference for any history of any crime involvement of the corporates to prevent any future involvement in these crimes in the corporations. 3. Secure the social, physical assets, data, money as well as the data from all levels, to prevent the intrusion and manipulation by these corporate societies, including a pre-numbered checks procedures and never sign blank checks, meant to review all disbursements regularly. 4. Haver a proper authorization of all transactions involving these corporations, and ensure that the employees do not exceed the authorities. 5. Strictly follow and checking by the government on the labour laws and employee laws ensure these corporations are not violating any; laws involving the workers. 6. Proper auditing y government firms to substantiate the taxation means and amounts to these corporations. References Bond, H (2009). New 2009 Australian corporations & securities legislation explained. North Ryde, N.S.W: CCH Australia. Page 86 Cox, J. & Hazen, T. (2006). Cox & Hazen on corporations: including unincorporated forms of doing business. New York: Aspen Publishers. Page 78 Davis, G. (2016). The Vanishing American Corporation Navigating the Hazards of a New Economy. Oakland: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Page 50 Dunning, J. & Lundan, S. (2008). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Page 43 James, G. (2015). Australian corporations & securities legislation. Sydney: CCH Australia. Page 97 LimiSchenk, D. (2013). Federal taxation of s corporations. Law Journal Seminars Printed. Sydney, Australia. Page 78 Murray, J. (2016). Australian corporations’ legislation: student edition. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths. Page 39 Nathaan, J. (2011). Australian corporations & securities legislation 2011. North Ryde, N.S.W: CCH Australia. Page 45 Palmiter, A. (2009). Corporations : examples and explanations. New York: Aspen Publishers. Page 66 Perkins, J. (2007). Confessions of an economic hit man. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Page 69 Sauvant, K., Mendoza, K. & Irmak, I. (2008). The rise of transnational corporations from emerging markets: threat or opportunity. Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Page 29 Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S. & McQueen, R. (2007). Corporations law in Australia. Leichardt, NSW: Federation Press. Page 107 Read More