Factors Affecting the Use and Adoption of Smart System - Literature review Example

Factors Affecting the Use and Adoption of Smart System Name Date Course Theoretical Framework 1. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) by Ajzen & Fishbein (1980) The theory of reasoned action was first developed by Fishbein in 1975. The theory looks at behavioural intentions, spanning prediction of attitude and prediction of behaviours. The components of the theory mainly include behavioural intention, attitude and subjective norms. 2. Theory of Planned behaviour (TPB) by Ajzen 1985 and Ajzen 1987) The theory of planned behaviour was put forward by Ajzen in 1985. This was through the use of the concepts of the theory of reasoned action. The theory tries to explain the relationship between the beliefs and behaviour together with the concepts of human control. According to the theory, behavioural intentions and behaviours is determined by the subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. 3. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by Davis (1989) The technology acceptance model was first discovered in 1989 by Davis. The model explains how the users come to accept the use of technology when it is introduced to them. According to the model, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use plays an essential role in determining the acceptance of the model. 4. Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) by Venkatesh, Morris, Davis & Davis (2003) The Unified Theory of Acceptance and use of Technology was put forward by Vankatesh and others in 2003. It tries to link the relationship between the intentions of the user to use the information system and the subsequent usage behavior. It also explains the concepts through the use of four main constructs which includes performance acceptance, effort acceptance, social influence and facilitating conditions. LITERATURE REVIEW Political factors The government usually experiences a number of challenges during the implementation of E-Government (Mishra and Mishra, 2011). One of the major challenges is the perception of the people towards the service. This affects its use among the people and hence impacting negatively on the service delivery. The financial resources may also hinder the ability of the government to expand the E-government services among the people. The political factors therefore contribute to the challenges of adopting the e-services. The online services are becoming popular due to the advancement in technology and the freedom of using the internet services. However, the risk that online users are exposed to is one of the main determining factors of using the online services. The increase in cyber crime has also impacted negatively on the use of online services. The laws and regulations are also factors that influence the usage of online services (Waleed, Louis and Kuldeep, 2010). This is an important political factor as the laws and regulation is dependant on the political goodwill. Social influence The adoption of mobile service is meant to improve on the service provisions among the clients. This is because the social influence simplifies the tasks by enhancing the access of the services. The types of service play an important role in influencing the mobile service adoption. According to Wei-Tsong and Hui-Min, (2012) the convenience to the users is also an influencing factor to the adoption of mobile services. The usage of mobile Apps has generated different attitudes among the users. This is however depending on the benefits that the users obtain when using the mobile apps. Maghnati & Choon (2013) found that most of the users are in support of the use of mobile Apps as it enables them to perform different activities. Most of the users of the Smartphone find the mobile Apps to be quite useful in terms of carrying out different activities. The social variables have thus influenced the people to use the system. In Pakistan, the cultural and religious factors influence the daily activities of the people. The provision of e-government services is thus influenced by the cultural and religious issues. The theory of planned behavior can be used to link the attitudes of the people and the behavior in relation to adopting the new technologies. The literacy levels are also low in some of the regions and hence influencing the adoption of e-government services. Rehman, Esichaikul and Kamal (2012) argue that the lack of adequate finances is also a problem that influences the development of e-government services and hence influencing their use. The perception of the people towards technology is also a factor that influences the adoption of e-government services. According to the technology acceptance model, the ease of use and usefulness of the technology influences the adoption of a new technology. The government usually provides opportunities to the people when it comes to information technology. This is for the purposes of benefiting the people by enhancing the smart service provision. However, Christopher and Antonio (UN) argues that the citizens usually face different challenges when it comes to using the services provided. Some of the challenges are social factors which hinders access. The government needs to understand the problems facing the citizens with regards to its opportunities. This is for the purposes of ensuring that the services benefit the people. Individual factors have impacted negatively in influencing the local people as they are faced with mores social problems. According to (Alomari, Sandhu, & Woods, 2009), the social factors affect the adoption of e-government in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordon. This includes the level of awareness in terms of technology and the lifestyle of the people. The lack of education among some of the people has a negative impact on the adoption of E-Government. The poverty has also contributed to the lack of education and hence affecting the adoption of E-Government. The smart services in the country are negatively impacted by the social factors. The use of technology is increasing in most and the rate of acceptance is also increasing among the local people. Chen, Jengchung and David, (2011), found out that the motivation variables are also responsible for the increase in the acceptance rate among the local people. The enjoyment that is brought about by the technology increases self efficacy and hence improving on the acceptance rate. This has seen the demand for Smartphone increasing over the years. The social factors have thus influenced the people to adapt to the system. Mariam (2011) explores the factors that are influencing the adoption to E-Government in Pakistan and discovered that one of the main factors is the cultural barriers that limit the use of E-Governments. Some of the religious views are also against the use of modern technology and hence impacting negatively on the use of E-Government. Lacks of technological know how among some of the people in Pakistan also has a negative impact on the adoption of E-Government. This amounts to the social factors influencing the use smart services. According to Akkaya et al. (2012), the culture of the nation is one of the factors that affect the adoption of E-Government services and hence impacting negatively on the adoption of smart services. This can be explained by the theory of planned behavior which links beliefs to behaviors. Social factors also play an essential role in influencing the attitudes of the people towards the smart system. The lifestyles of the people detrimentally affect the use of the e-Government services. The findings were based in Germany and where the use of technology is common in most parts of the country. The perception and trust issues are also factors that have an effect on the use of the services. Most of the people do not trust the service and they have negative perception towards it. This is mainly based on their past experiences with using the e-commerce services. The security of the data is also a factor that affects the use of the E-government services. In the era of globalization, the society has been experiencing a high level of technological advancement. Lytras and Corti (2012), agree that the technological advancement is also taking place at a fast rate in the society. This has impacted positively on the growth and development of various sectors. The advancement in technology has also led to access to government services by the people. On the other hand, the communication and socialization in the society has also been improved. The economic benefits have seen the increase in the use of the smart system. This can be further explained by Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology which highlights the social influence and facilitating conditions as factors that influence acceptance of technology. Organizational factors The traditional interactions between the people and the government have impacted negatively on the use of E-Government services. This has led to the resistance to change and hence the low levels of acceptance to the e-government services. Alomari, Woods and Sandhu, noted that the level of trust of the people on the smart system is also low and hence affecting its use. The level of technological use among some of the local people is also low which impacts negatively on the process. This can be attributed to the organizational factors in terms of the government. The advancement in the smart object management is for the purposes of boosting the security of the system (Pentikousis, Agüero and Timm-Gie, 2014). An appropriate management mechanism should be put in place in order to enhance the smart object management. Standardization is also required during the process in order to enhance the smart object management. The security of the systems also impacts positively on the confidence of the users. This can be attributed to the organizational factors. The advancement of technology has seen the introduction of internet banking in the developing countries. The internet banking saves time, money and efforts as compared to the traditional method of banking. This is an organizational factor that influences the adoption of smart service. However, the perceived risks influence the choices of the customers when using the internet banking (Sridharan and Varaprasad, 2013) Most of the customers in the developing countries are concerned about the safety of the internet banking. The ease of use however impacts positively on the acceptance by the customers. Individual factors Cyber security has become an important topic as it has affected many individuals and organizations. Xi and Xin, (2012) agrees that cyber security of smart grid communication system is under question. However, some of the security features that have been put in place have improved on the security of the smart grid communication. However most of the users are still not confident with the system due to the individual factors. The concepts of mobility are increasingly becoming common in most parts of the world. However, the governments and business are facing challenges when using the mobile platforms. E-Government is facing challenges in terms of authentic of the mobile users. Confirming the identity of the users is a major problem and it impacts negatively on the process. The challenge can be attributed to the individual factors. Al-Khouri (2014) found that the levels of trust and confidence on the smart system are also low which impacts negatively on its use by the local people. The use of smart technology is increasingly becoming popular. Most of the people are fully relying on the technological gadgets for the purpose of carrying out different operations (Kaczynski, 2010). According to the technology acceptance model, the ease of use of the technology and its perceived usefulness determines its acceptance among the people. The full reliance on technology is eliminating the manual practices with most of the people becoming dependant on technology for the operations in their daily lives. The overdependence on technology is thus enslaving the users as they are unable to perform most of the tasks without the use of technology. The advancement in smart service technology is one of the factors that influence the adoption of mobile service (Sun, Cao and Jianxin 2010). The ease of use is also an important factor that influences the use of mobile service. It is also convenient as most of the people are familiar with its uses. The perceptions of the people towards the use of the mobile services is also positive and hence encouraging its use. According to the theory of reasoned action, the subjective norms and attitudes is dependent on the behavioral intentions of the individuals. The individual factors as well as the economic benefits therefore impacts positively on the use of smart services by the people. The use of electronic commerce in SMEs is affected by various factors. This includes the lack of trust and the negative perception of the people towards it. On the other hand, Alam, S, S., Yunus, M., & Jani, (2012), argues that the security issues on online transactions also affect the use of electronic commerce and adoption of smart services. This has impacted negatively on the use of technology for carrying out transactions in Malaysia. According to the Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, performance expectancy and effort expectancy determines the level of acceptance and use of technology. The individual factors therefore impact negatively on the adoption of the smart services. Demographics Pei-Lee, et al. (2014) examines the behavious of the user of smartphone in relation to their age differences. This is for the determining how age influences the communication among the people of different age groups. The article found that the younger generation are more people with the smartphones as compared to the older generation. This is also an indiaction that the young people preffer using the technological gadgets as compared to the older generation. The concepts of demographics in therefore influences the adoption of the smart services. The aging population was does not have much exposure to the concepts and use of smart service technology. This is an important demographic factor that influences the adoption of e-service. Sebastiaan, Peeka, Woutersa, Katrien, Hennie and Boeijed et al., (2014), found out that some are beginning to accept its application in various fields like medicine. The effects of the technology on their health are one of the main factors that influence the acceptance of the technology among the aging. The safety of the technology is also a factor that influences its acceptance among the aging. This is because most of the elderly people believe that technology has negative impacts on their health and safety. Economic benefits The use of technology in the industries is increasingly becoming popular. This is due to the benefits that it has on the operations in the industries. The use of smart systems is also important in increasing production and reducing wastages. This indicates that the use of smart services have economic benefits. On the other hand, Kiyohide and Saleem (2014) argues that the smart system enables the industries to automate most of its process and hence benefiting the organization. However, the costs involved together with the policies may hinder the use of technology. According to Rania et al (2013), the decision support systems are used in a number of processes. This is for the purposes of aiding the professionals during the decision making process. Most of the decisions made by the professional are related to the economic benefits. The type of decisions to be made is an important factor influencing the acceptance of the decision support system. The risk factors involved in the decision support system is also an important factor that influences the acceptance of the decision support system. Social benefits Bauer and Lukowicz (2012) argue that the Smartphone has come up with a wide range of applications. This is because the Smartphone has the ability of detecting the stress levels among the users. This can be achieved through the advancement in technology that enables the Smartphone to monitor the behaviors of the users. On the other hand, it is also important to note that this is advantageous to the users and hence importance of the advancement in technology. The social benefits have thus impacted positively on the adoption of smart services. Dörflinger, Anna, Kräme and Fromm (UN), analyze the important applications of the Smartphone and how it benefits the users. The Smartphone has a host of applications that can be used in different fields and hence its suitability in the modern times. The Smartphone can also be used for the purposes of storing different information and hence solving the problems that are faced by the users. The use of the Smartphone also enhances the experience of the users and hence benefiting them. This amounts to both social benefits to the Smartphone users. According to Park and Woo (2014), the use of smart services is on the increase at the airports. This is for the purposes of automating the services offered. The perceptions of the customers towards the service influence its use. The effectiveness in the delivery of services also influences the use of the service. The reliability of the service among the clients is also an important social benefit that influences its uses. The user of the Smartphone is usually exposed to various interactive services that enhance their experiences. The interactive services boost the socialization of the users. Most of the users have a positive attitude towards the interactive services due to the social factor. This is because of the benefits that it has on them in terms of socialization. According to Nancy, Florian and Mary (2013) it has a negative impact on some of the users in terms of the time spend on the interactive services. Authors (year) Scope/objectives of the study Methodology Major findings Country/ Sample size Akkaya, C., Wolf, P. and Krcmar, H. (2012). To determine the factors affecting the adoption of E-government services in Germany. Explanatory and confirmatory approach Cultural issues affect the use of E-Government services and hence affecting the adoption. Process. Germany. 200 Alam, S. S., Yunus, M., & Jani, M. F. (2011). To determine factors affecting the use of e-commerce in SMEs. Explanatory and confirmatory approach Trust and security impacts negatively on the use of e-commerce and hence reducing the numbers of people adopting the services. Malaysia. 198 Al-Khouri, M. (2014). To determine the challenges in the use of Mobility in E-government. Explanatory and confirmatory approach Lack of trust and authentity issues affects the use of E-Government services. United Arab Emirates. 300 Alomari, M., Woods, P. and Sandhu, K. (2012). Determine the factors that affect e-government in developing countries. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The trust in the internet is low among the citizens of the developing countries. Jordan. 192 Alomari, K., Sandhu, K., & Woods, P. (2009). To determine the factors affecting the adoption of E-government in Hashemite Kingdom in Jordan Explanatory and confirmatory approach The lifestyle of the people affects the adoption of E-Government. Jordan. 150 Pei-Lee, T. et al. (2014). To determine the usage of technological gadgets among people of different age groups. General linear model The younger generation is more active in terms of using the technological gadgets. Malaysia 160 Bauer, G., & Lukowicz, P. l. (2012). To determine the ability of the Smartphone to detect stress levels of the users. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The Smartphone has the potential of measuring the stress levels among the users. European Union 197 Mariam Rehman, V. E. (2011). To determine the factors that influences the adoption of E-Government. General linear model Cultural barriers influence the adoption of E-government. Pakistan. 120 Chen, K., Jengchung, C. b., & David, C. Y. (2011). To determine the acceptance rate of Smartphone. Explanatory and confirmatory approach Self motivation improves on the acceptance rate of using Smartphone. Columbia. 250 Christopher, G., & Antonio, R. S. (UN). To determine the challenges faced by the public when accessing the government services. Generalized linear model Social and economic barriers affect the use of government services. United States of America. 250 Dörflinger, T., Anna, V., Kräme, J., & Fromm, R. (UN). To determine the safety of using a Smartphone. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The Smartphone is safe due to the features that it has. Philippines 167 Kiyohide, H., & Saleem, A. (2014). To determine the industrial policies in relation to technology. General linear model The industrial policies in the era of globalization support the use of technology. Japan 200 Lytras, M. and Corti, I. (2012). To determine the effects of technological advancement in the society. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The society has been impacted both positively and negatively by the technological advancement. Columbia 178 Mishra, A., & Mishra, D. (2011). To determine the challenges faced by the government in adopting E-Government services. General linear method The perception as well as the attitudes of the people affects the delivery E-government services. India 170 Nancy, V. W., Florian, v. W., & and Mary, J. B. (2013). To determine the attitudes of the users of smart interactive services. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The smart interaction service has positive behaviors among the users. United States of America. 180 Maghnati, L. F., & Choon, K. (2013). To determine the attitude towards the mobile Apps of the Smartphone users. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The mobile Apps have many advantages those impacts positively on the attitude of the users. Malaysia. 178 Park, J.-H. C., & Woo, J. (2014). Factors affecting the use of smart services at the airport. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The perception of the customers as well as its reliability affects use of smart services at the airport. South Korea. 250 Pentikousis, K., Agüero, R., & Timm-Gie, A. (2014). The advances that have taken place in the smart object management Explanatory and confirmatory approach The enhancement of the security is main advance in the smart object management. Germany. 148 Rania, S., Meredith, L., & Justin, D. (2013). To determine the factors influencing acceptance of decision support system. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The type of decisions to be made and the risk factors. Netherlands. 170 Rehman, M., Esichaikul, V., & Kamal, M. (2012). To determine the factors that influences the adoption of e-government services. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The cultural and religious factors greatly influence the adoption of e-government services. Pakistan. 200 Sebastiaan, T., Peeka, E. J., Woutersa, J. v., Katrien, G. L., Hennie, R., Boeijed, H., et al. (2014). To determine the factors that influences the acceptance of technology among the aging. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The ageing people are usually concerned of their safety and health before accepting the use of technology. Philippines. 190 Sridharan, G., & Varaprasad, R. (2013). To determine the perception of the customers with regards to internet banking. Explanatory and confirmatory approach Internet banking is getting support from the customers although there are concerns regarding the risks. India. 130 Kaczynski, T. J. (2010). To determine the rate of dependence of the people on technology. Structural equationing model The high dependence on technology is resulting to technological slavery. Germany. 169 Waleed, A.-G., Louis, S., & Kuldeep, S. (2010). To determine the factors that influences the use of online services. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The risks of using online services impacts negatively on its usage. Saudi Arabia. 180 Wei-Tsong, W., & Hui-Min, L. (2012). To determine the factors influencing the use of mobile service. Generalized linear model The convenience and ease of use is an important factor that determines the use of mobile services. China. 176 Xi, C., & Xin, M. (2012). To determine the cyber security of smart grid communication system. Explanatory and confirmatory approach The security features of the cyber security smart grid have been enhanced. 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