Complexity and Reductionist Approaches in Management - Coursework Example

COMPLEXITY MANAGEMENT Student’s Name Instructor’s Name Institution Date Introduction Currently, the society is exposed to vast problems that have an impact to human life. By employing philosophy, real-world problems such as health issues, economic development, and environmental impacts are tackled through either complexity approach or the reductionist approach so as to attain positive results. As such, this paper seeks to understand complexity approach is applied while still reductionist approach can give alternative solution, the consequences of ignoring, and the impact of complexity and reductionist towards reduction of corruption and acquiring of large track of land purposefully for the development of new facility. Lastly, the paper gives alternative solutions that solve the complexity and reductionist challenges through soft system methodology A Based on etymologically, the term complexity simply means interwoven whereby its core elements are difficult to be separated (Gershenson 2014). The difficulty of separation is alluded to concrete interactions that take place across the core components of complexity (Gershenson 2014). Critically, complexity is renowned for the ability to imperatively explain a given phenomenon at a given scale (Thomaz 2011). Complexity encounter challenges from the classical analytic approach known as reductionist. Reductionist approach simply refers to the division of the whole parts, purposefully to focus on each part separately (Gershenson 2014). As such, it can be argued that reductionist works as a system that focuses on reducing complex systems to a subset of its parts. Firstly, reductionist is perceived to ignore interactions. In some phenomena where the interactions are relevant, the reductionist approach focuses on separating the relevance of the phenomena hence ignoring the core aspect of phenomena interactions. As such, reductionist is perceived not to be a suitable approach for studying complex phenomena (Gershenson 2014). Essentially, the are many phenomena that are better analyzed from the non-reductionist approach or the complex approach. By advocating for reductionist approach, the collective behavior of the phenomena cannot be understood. Through collective interaction, complexity fosters the effective understanding of varied phenomena such as the ecosystems, the biospheres, markets, and the cities. Lastly, the reductionist approach adheres to the computational irreducibility. Through computational irreducibility, the complex systems predictability is limited (Gershenson 2014). As such, it is only through complex approach that a future state of the system is determined through computing it. B Basically, the current contemporary society is presumed to be embedded with complex systems that are very difficult and understand and control. Lack of recognizing complexity implies that the society will fail to understand how to transition laws, how to handle unpredicted emergence, how to effectively understand the heterogeneous interacting parts of the society, the purpose of the interactions across the autonomous agents, the hierarchical connectivity, the multilevel dynamics, and ill-defined boundaries (Maxi 2017). Such factors are perceived be complex across the society, hence the need to effectively understand its complexity and how such factors are manageable. Ignoring complexity implies that the society will fail to understand the existing changes across the environment. It is only through complexity approach whereby people are able to understand the prior revolution, and individual start to learn and modify their traits based on the environmental change (Maxi 2017). For example, in tourism sector may cause the commodity and product prices to rise up. Though the sector fosters opportunities to do business, the traders will not see such opportunities simply because they may perceive themselves to localized traders, or their business perception is under the cave. Complexity is highly attributed to the economic systems, thus fostering economic growth across the globe. Lack of complexity in economic system implies that the society will fail to have central planning or the self-regulation of the economy. As such, the economic sector will fail to analyze any collected feedback, fail to adhere to checks and balance at any given level (Maxi 2017). As such, it can be argued that complexity spearheads homeostasis across the society for a longer duration. C Reduction of Corruption According to Aidt, the nature of corruption is perceived to be an extremely complex issue (Aidt 2003). Corruption complexity arises due to lack of comprehensive and precise definition of corruption (Johnson 1998). As such, reduction of corruption requires an in depth understand of the corruption complexity. Basically, corruption is highly renowned in business and private sector across the society (Rayes 2015). The Global Corruption Barometer study indicated that corruption across the corporations is at 3,4 in the scale of 5, where 5 is the maximum level of corruption (Global Corruption Barometer 2013). To effectively reduce corruption, it is being advocated that the researchers need to come up with adequate tools and concept that are able to be updated with the ever changing complexities of the corruption (Michael 2004). Such an approach implies that the knowledge and competencies arising from the sciences must be fit purposefully to match the nature of corruption complexity so as to effectively eradicate corruption. Firstly, corruption can effectively be reduced by fostering competition across the society. According to rose, corruption can easily be dealt with by fostering society competition (Rose 1999). The author argues that competition limits the returns from the corrupt activities and essentially the degree of corruption (Rose 1999). Secondly, political and institutional elements are perceived to foster corruption. Politically, the complexity of corruption arises whereby varied political approaches tend to defend the structure of the government and political processes that are highly embedded to vast scope of corruption. In this concept, the political approaches are renowned for spearheading political diversification that alter the rules, and permits or prevent the enforcement of contract that generates corruption. To effectively minimize corruption, Ades argues that countries need to have low levels of political rights (Ades 1997). As such, the society will foresee a reduction of exchange of the political market and the social market which is positioned purposefully individual gain through official corruption. Thirdly, the reduction of the corruption can be attained through the extension of the principle-agent methodology. By employing varied scope of literature, corruption can be regarded as a specified manifestation of the principle agent of conflict. To attain the inclusivity of varied disciplinary, the complexity of the corruption will not be judged based on monopolistic approach especially through the application of judicial approach. Additionally, mediation approach across corporation, law, political, and economic institution need to reach at a consensus regarding the definition of corruption complexities. For example, in some countries, favoritism, lack of monitoring, deceit, and seeking safe interest are perceived to be legal hence no corruption, while in some other countries the enlisted factors are perceived to illegal hence corruption. Contrarily, countries that perceive such factors to be legal, still foresee the practices as corruption. In this context, a consensus through mediation across vast field need to be attained through the extension of the principle-agent methodology. In this context, it can be argued that principle-agent method adheres to the soft system methodology by trying to pursuit improvement in corruption field through realism, and further learning (Jackson 2003). Acquiring Large Tracts of Land. Both the complexity and the reductionist are observable as to the purchase of the large tracts of land for facility development. According to Sagoff, the purchase of the large tract complexity enables individual to position their perceptions towards the economic sense of the world, while the author criticizes the economic reduction of the purchase of large tracts of land (Baird 2006). Arguably, the reductionist approach seems to play a pivotal role when it comes to environmental philosophy. The applied reductionist approach towards the purchase of large tracts of lands for development through quantifying, and comparison approach enables individuals to make rational choice before selling or purchasing the land. Contrarily, it can be argued that though reductionist approach is employed, the judgement is still based on the complexity approach whereby the land needs to meet the value of money, or the money needs to meet the value of the land. Such an argument advocates that human being preferences are most likely to clash with the values of human beings. This implies that though the facility will be development, the facility will most likely not to meet the demands of the people within the purchased land. To effectively prevent the complexity arising from the acquiring large tracts of lands and its development options, it is argued that the interested parties need to apply the use of decision analysis framework. The decision analysis framework informs the involved parties regarding the land-use dynamics purposefully to understand the sensitivity of the facility regarding the elicited value of the structures to be positioned. Critically, the decision analysis framework can be presumed to be highly embedded to the soft system methodology approach. Through soft system methodology, the acquiring of large tracts of land is purposefully to put a facility that is culturally feasible, systematic desirable, and the ability to solve the problems within the surrounding (Jackson 2003). References Ades and R. Di Tella (1997) The New Economics of Corruption: A Survey and some New Results; Political Studies, XLV, 496-515. Aidt, T.,2003. Economic Analysis of Corruption: a survey, Economic Journal. pp. 113 632–652. Baird, C., 2006. Complexity in the Big Thicket. Ethics, Place, and Environment, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 21-45. Gershenson, C., 2014. Complexity. p.1. Viewed on 21st/June/2017. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1109/1109.0214.pdf. Global Corruption Barometer., 2013. Transparency Internationals: The Global Coalition against Corruption. p.3. Viewed on 21st/June/2017. http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/61/file/61.pdf. Jackson, M., 2003. Systems Thinking. Creative Holism for Managers. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England. Johnson, S.,1998. Regulatory Discretion and the Unofficial Economy, The American Economic Review, 88,2: 387-392. Michael, C.,2004. The Use and Abuse of Power: Multiple Perspectives on the Causes of Corruption. New York: Taylor &Francis. Maxi, M., 2017. Challenges in Complex System Science. Viewed on 21st/June/2017. pp. 5-8. http://geza.kzoo.edu/~erdi/cikkek/f-ict-.epjst.pdf. Rayes, C., 2005. The Complexity of Corruption: Nature and Ethical Suggestions. Viewed on 21st/June/2017.http://www.unav.edu/documents/10174/6546776/1148381132_wp0506.pdf. Rose, S.,1999. Corruption and Government Causes, Consequences and Reform, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Thomaz, W., 2011. Reductionism and Complex Thinking in ERP Systems Implementations. RAC, v. 5, no. 2, p. 91-111. Read More