Smoke Control Systems - Assignment Example

Smoke Control Systems by [Author’s name] [Name of the Institution] [Date of fulfilment] report on demonstrations Introduction Apart from the burning characteristics of fire, the most outrageous condition gets led by the exhausting smoke. As the smoke can cause al kinds of blockage in the breathing system, it is far more dangerous then any other affects caused by fire. The fire burns and gives longer time to escape, whereas the smoke reaches the heart in a much faster way and can block the whole breathing system. It is therefore very important to have adequately well managed and mechanically well prepared Smoke Control Systems, especially in residential buildings and warehouses. In this paper the target is to lay emphasis over the process and the characteristic features in a building. As the possibilities of catching a fire s more severe in industrial based units, it is very necessary to have all kinds of added precautions and prevention ready for the public safety. Principles of smoke The smoke has got the characteristic of making a blurred atmosphere. The solid particles along with the liquid droplets are combined close to the ideal range. These are the sizes for Mie. These are all scattered in the visible light. This is the effect that has been likened to particularised three-dimensional texture. The three-dimensional texture gets attained through the privacy glass, where a smoke cloud cannot obstruct an image, however gets scrambled. The basic principle of smoke as elaborated by SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, lies in its nature of spreading in a very laterally way. In general the estimated velocity of smoke can rise up to 5m/s. As compared to an average person, the estimations further shows that as he walks at 1-2m/s and run at 7.5m/s, the comparative speed of smoke it at the mean of it. In case of building roof space the spread of smoke is full-fledged and very smoke. In the roof the smoke starts to build down in respect to its flow with the fire. In such cases the rate at occurs to be in varied proportions and significantly as per the nature of the combustibles. It is also very much related to the building geometry. Layers of smoke The layers of smoke are comparatively much heavier than it can ever be expected. Layers of smoke get determined by the visible particles that are commonly composed of carbon (or the soot). This is basically is the lowest of all levels and is heavier of all the other layers of smoke. The next level gets particulates with the composition of droplets of the relatively condensed tar, or in some cases the solid particles formed of ash. There are the possibilities of presence of various kinds of metals in case of fuel explosion that can yield particles of metal oxides. There next level is of the particles of all kinds of inorganic salts that possibly may also be formed, from the components of ammonium nitrate and/ or ammonium sulfate. In this level there are many organic compounds that are estimated to have the typical aromatic hydrocarbons. This may also have the adsorbed quantity on the surface of all the solid particles. The next level is related to the smoke emissions that contains the specified characteristic of trace elements. Here there is the presence of vanadium in the process of emissions. This is mostly from oil fired ignition. There are also the possibilities of having the coal combustion that can well produce emissions that are containing elements like those of arsenic, aluminum, chromium, copper, cobalt, mercury, uranium and selenium. The layers of smoke also have got the components of all kinds of combustion sources. There is the presence of guaiacol and all kinds of derivatives related to it. There are elements of pyrolysis of lignin that may characterise in case of wood smoke. The possibilities of the presence of syringol and all its derivates are very common. These levels also have the content of methoxy phenols. The acquisition of retene; that is known as a product of pyrolysis, gets collected from the conifer trees. This is a state that is recognised through the indicator in case of fire in the woods. This can also be present in case of single storey housed and the warehouses. arrangements for Conditions under smoke In order to get the hold of the test fire arrangement, it is very important to get the smoke containment systems. This is applicable for the prevention of the movements of smoke and the related heat circumference in the respective area. There are some aspects that are related to the form of physical barriers. These are either related to the application of the smoke curtains or the necessary fire curtains. There is also the relevance made with the pressure differential systems. This is also recognised as pressurisation systems. The usability of smoke curtains is done for the creation of smoke reservoir that gets structured for containing and purposely limiting the flow of smoke. The usability further gets noticed to channel smoke in a very well regularised predetermined direction. There is also the purpose to prevent or relatively retard smoke entry to the domains of another area or defined void. The applicability of "SHEVs", that is recognised as smoke and heat exhaust ventilators; are of great worth in terms of Test fire arrangements for Conditions under smoke. The provisions are all testified under the generic term that gives provision for natural and well structured powered smoke extract systems. In certain cases the fire or the principles of smoke vents are well recognised effectual usable. It has been well detected that these provisions can remove the smoke from a particular single storey building or a warehouse, allowing comparatively low level escape routes for the clearance of the smoke. Smoke Control in a building As the smoke inhalation very affectively cause death in the affected victims of indoor fires, it is considerably dangerous. Within a building the smoke can kill people by its combination of the dangerous thermal damage feature along with the process of poisoning the breathing process. This may also cause pulmonary irritation (Mohagheghzadeh, A., Faridi, P., Shams ardakani, A., Ghasemi, Y., 2006). This is due to the contents of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and above all other combustion products added in smoke. The dangers in a building are basically due to the smoke particles that consist of aerosol or as more commonly recognised as mist. In case of a typical single storey house fire, the smoke contains hundreds of varied and very different chemicals and fumes. These are very dangerous in every aspect. These may cause the damages and the can in most cases exceed the actual heat of the fire within the house. There are obvious sequences for physical damages that get caused by the smoke. These further can get into the provision to manifest it in unique kinds of stains. These stains are often harder to eliminate the upcoming damages and the related problems that get initiated by the smoky odour. The only solution can be related by the Fabric Restoration companies that are very much specialized in the process of restoring fabrics that are damaged. For the security purposes in a state of fire in a house the precautionary and the preventive measures are very important. The process starts with the designing of the building. This must incorporate the smoke control system in the whole formation. This can be very helpful and can significantly improve the present life safety protection for all those people who are living in the building (Jennifer Sapochetti, 2003). The whole process of Smoke Control systems is also known as fire ventilation or more commonly recognised as the smoke vents. There are many forms and varied ranges of equipments used wider platforms to deal with all kinds of complexities that might occur in the case of fire in a single storey building or a warehouse. The basic objectives for the usability of smoke control systems are: The provision to keep the scope to escape and well access to the routes that are free from smoke. The provision to facilitate the fire fighting operations in the building, by creating a smoke free layer. The provision needs to be made to delay or to prevent flashover within the area. This must be at hold for a subsequent full development processing of the fire and the effects of smoke. The provision to needs to be made to protect all the contents related to the building in case of the burst of smoke. The provision to have to be made to reduce the thermal effects. This must be structured with the components during a fire and the spread of smoke. The provision for the facility to reduce damages that are caused by thermal decomposition products along with the hot gases is very necessary. As smoke spreads in a much heavier way than fire there must be the key components of smoke dealt through the fire ventilation system. These can be very effective by the use of the ductwork; fire dampers and smoke curtains. These are further the provision for the powered and natural smoke that is into the heat extract systems for the provision of smoke vents. In case of the situation where there is the need of getting rid of smoke in single storey storage or the industrial buildings, like those of warehouses; there are various uses that needs to be taken care of. In these kinds of circumstances the smoke control systems are of great use to deal with the case of smoke and fire. The provisions can be enlisted thus, To bring in the provision for the adequate facilities to escape the area by providing the smoke free escape routes. To bring in the provision reduce the possibilities of likelihood of damages that might occur. It is also applicable to the loss of production or in case of the stock. To bring in the provision in the area, for the purpose to enable the fire-fighters to perform better. The need is to check that they can see the fire and thereby can have the appropriate strategy to deal with it and thereby extinguish, without any loss of time. To bring in the provision for the permission of greater travel distances that needs to be designed within the building. This needs to be without compartmentation, as it may result in a larger building plan. Above all there is the need to get into a well designed smoke control system. This should be well structured and maintained for the adequate smoke free escape in the relevant conditions at a comparatively low level. As stated by Kevin V. Dickens, this also needs to allow the building with the provision of evacuation with minimum risk of smoke inhalation among the people. This will prevent from major injury or cases of death in the mass community. Conclusion The whole phenomenal structure of Smoke Control System gets adequate activation through Fire Suppression System. This gets led by the Atrium Smoke Detectors along with the provisions for the manual controls for activation of the Fire Department use. There is the scope for manual override that is known as the process of run and shutdown. This system gets appropriately located in the adjacent position to the Fire Alarm Panel, especially in the single storey buildings and warehouses. There must be the provision for the accessibility of the override switch. This is for the intake air distribution system with a properly labelled and gets colour coded in typical blue. There is also the need for precautionary accommodation for intake air smoke control. This can be well attained through override switch in order to get the positioning for exhaustive air. The exhaustive air thus gets properly labelled and gets typically colour coded in red. As for the provisions exhaust air smoke control, there are the duct smoke detectors. These are specifically arranged in order to shut down that unit before it leads to any kind of blast. The whole system gets connected to Fire Alarm Panel. This helps in the maintenance of the supervisory or the control during trouble. The provisions for automatic shutdown are of great importance. Through this system of automatic shut down all the equipments that might create trouble or have got the scope to interfere with smoke exhaust can be handled well. There is also the need for standby power. This is for smoke control systems that are usually applicable for handling buildings with three or more floors. Fire resisting door set Components of fire resistance door set The Components of fire resistance door set are very well synchronised for the best of the results during emergency. All kinds of fire doors are very uniquely made of a peculiar combination of specified materials. These selective materials are like those of timber, steel, gypsum (that is used as an endothermic fill), and the vermiculite-boards. These are the very common elements used in the formation of the fire resistance door set. As stated by NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives 2007 Edition, Annex D Fire Door and Fire Window Classifications, the creation also gets more upgraded by the participation the constructing process of the door leaf. It is the swinging panel of the door that is very important part of the whole creative activity. In the making of fire resistance door set there is the door frame that has to meet fire of well rated regulations. It is further under the effects of intumescent strips, along with the smoke seals and the well managed door hardware. There are also the understanding and usability of the structure that is particularised to hold the fire door assembly in the specifically chosen place. The amalgamation of all these elements and the Components of fire resistance door set are very much typical in their own way. The target and the purpose are for all kinds of persuasions that can lead to a safer provision and so is the creation specification. The whole operational testing of smoke control systems, especially the adoption of the fire resistance door set, get included along with all kinds of equipments for proper persuasion during emergencies. There are the elements that include initiating devices for the creation of the perfect fire resistance door set. Along with the controls, dampers, fans; the affiliation of doors and windows are specifically estimated. All kinds of tests are initiated through the performances on the specialised primary and the determined standby power conditions. The components are thus affiliated through the hourly rating. As a matter of fact all the components used for the fire door assembly, considerably must bear a whole listing of agencies that are labelled to ensure the actual components that are been tested for the practical usability. This is also to meet the fire rating requirements for the final acceptance of the fire resistance door. Recognition of fire resistance door set For the acquisition over the actual fire resistance door set, it is very important to have well versed skill related to the selection of the special door. This can be very much initiated through the understanding of some of the basic criteria meant for the selection. There has to be an expertise over the recognition of fire resistance door set for the best of the facilities in the time of need. This is very much a part of the technical understanding in the engineering domain. In order to recognise fire resistance door set it is very necessary to understand that the fire door as a type of door, or as well understood as the specified barrier used as a strong passive fire protection item. The fire resistance doors set are used within buildings. The actual purpose is to prevent the rapid and the drastic spread of fire. The prevention has also been laid to block smoke to spread in larger amount. As smoke consist of dangerous chemicals, it is very important to get sure with this characteristic feature of the fire resistance door set. The declarations are so made that the means of to allow people to make a pass through a fire-resistance rated wall will be well assembled. As an absolute recognition can save lots of things in the practical field it is very important to be particular in the selection procedure of the fire resistance door set. It is thus very important to cover every single aspect while dealing with the buying process of these specialised doors. The realisation for safety of human beings and the property are the basic criteria for the selection of the absolute fire resistance door set for a kind of personal household. This is very much a part of the whole phenomenal acceptability related to the compulsory use of the fire resistance door set. The techniques related to pressure for suppressions are made further character. Under every circumstance the demand remains for the selection of the recognition of the fire resistance door set, and that can only be authenticated through the declaration of proof for the applicability in the personal and the professional sectors. The process of recognition of fire resistance doors can be well understood as in reference to the passive methods. These methods are well generated for the adaptability of controlling smoke that is very much a part of the enclosing area. The experimentations are all done with the tests that are initiated by the smoke barriers, followed by the recognition of the utilisation of smoke doors. There is the usability in concern to the dampers for the scope of smoke barriers. There are the affiliations made through the usability related to the height and the specifically curved geometry of a space. These are all used for the creation of the ultimate smoke reservoir through the blockage made by the fire resistance door set. All these doors are thus well scrutinised and tested before they are brought into the market. However it is very important that the customer get all the proofs related to the demands made by these doors before buying them. usability of fire resistance door set The importance of the fire resistance door set, was well realised by the students and people of Leeds University when in a fire explosion accident the fire resistance door set played a very vital role. The fire broke in the canteen of the administrative building of the University. The fire spread with a very high speed. There are lots of hassles that got created in a very short notice. As a matter of fact the atmosphere turned heavy and people started facing lots of breathing problems. The fire was growing every hour. All kinds of necessary precautions and preventive measures were taken to stop the fire. However the efforts were not much responded. he fire fighting was also called. In an hour the terror increased and almost the whole building was getting affected by the smoke and the heat as has been released by the fire. The main risk was all with the rooms that were having the paper documents. These are the papers that were the entire basis for the careers and the records of many students. The importances of these rooms were of great emphasis. The computers in these rooms were of great importance. However there was something that turned very amazing. This was related to the application of fire resisting door set in these important rooms of the administrative building. These doors were acted miraculously and with their effort the fire was stopped from getting into these important rooms. There are many kinds of aspects that were well determined by the resistance power of these doors. The acknowledgement however is totally for all those engineers who installed these kinds of doors in the administrative building. Their foresightedness is remarkable. These door sets were immediately closed just after the fire broke. Most of the properties burnt, but not a single computer or document got the tough of the heat or affects of smoke from the sudden outburst of fire. The whole building was in fire but the important rooms with adequate documents were safe and very much in take. The whole building was under the supervision of the fire fighting group and with their effort not a single life was damaged. The best part was the security measures forwarded by the construction committee of the administrative of Leeds University. These kinds of facilities are made compulsory in the legislative domain. The construction and the necessary components for the formation of these doors were made available by the government in UK. To avoid situations like those of the explosion caused in the administrative building of Leeds University. The preventive and precautionary measures were made integral to the construction of any important building. This was all done in order to minimise the damages of property and lives in particular periphery. The rules are so set that all the components for the construction and the production of these kinds of fire resistance doors were collected under the certification requirements. These are made more mandatory under the speculations and investigation by the acceptability to the local Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). This gets decided by the provision of scheduled meeting for the requirements and he demands of the local building code along with the detection of the fire code. These are all very much regulatory requirement that are meant to change from one country to another all over the world. In case of usability of fire resistance door sets in the peripheral domain of United Kingdom, there are some kinds of specifications made for the appropriateness of the installation of these equipments. The proceedings related to the application of a fire resisting door set needs to get subjected to any of the British Standard Fire Test BS 476 Part 22 1987, or a BS/EN 1634-1 2000 test affiliation. As a matter of fact in every instance the results are all recorded by the particular test house or the Institute. This further gives a report that gets the recommendation with all kinds of detailed analytical declarations related to the constructional details. Further to the report there is also the addition of the distortion data along with the pressure readings of the doors under speculations. The purposes of these tests are well recognised and applied for the declarations related to the performance of the affiliated and the specimen tested for use. The whole proceeding is well under the speculative provisions of the Building Regulations. This further gets approved by the Document B or as popularly known as the British Standards. These are like those of BS 5588 series. This further lays emphasis over the criteria for an appropriate fire performance. This performance gets rated like those for 30 minutes FD30 or for instance FD30(S). This however varies if cold smoke gets into the process of resistance as required. All these preparations are done in order to get the maximum and the best ever provision for the understanding and utilisation of the fire resistance door set in very important buildings. NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives 2007 Edition, section 4.8.4.1, Smoke control system in Single Storey Building and Warehouses demonstrated that the applicability has been well recommended for the places with the provision for the spread of fire is huge and they are very much a part of safety provisions assorted for the prevention of damages related to properties and lives. The usability and the recognition of these special doors are made a part of the whole system in UK. Now for the construction of a new building the selection of fire resistance door set are a common demand. The manufacturers along with the engineers make the right selection for all kinds of safety provisions in the household and the industrial sectors of UK. These importances are however made especially for the places like the administrative building of the Leeds University. references Jennifer Sapochetti, The IBC approach to smoke control system design, Engineered Systems, Technology Industry, Nov, 2003, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPR/is_11_20/ai_110457004/pg_2?tag=artBody;col1 [retrieved on 17th Jan. 2009] Kevin V. Dickens, The heat is on: there's the way much of Europe encourages conservation, and there's the right way - sustainable & attainable, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPR/is_/ai_110456999 [retrieved on 17th Jan. 2009] Mohagheghzadeh, A., Faridi, P., Shams ardakani, A., Ghasemi, Y. Medicinal smokes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108 (2006) 161–184 NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives 2007 Edition, Annex D Fire Door and Fire Window Classifications, section D.5 NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives 2007 Edition, section 4.8.4.1 Smoke control System in Single Storey Building and Warehouses, http://www.coltinfo.co.uk/ [retrieved on 17th Jan. 2009] Smoke Production and Properties - SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire95/PDF/f95126.pdf [retrieved on 17th Jan. 2009] Read More