Applications of Pneumatic and Hydraulics - Assignment Example

Running Head: Pneumatic and Hydraulic Pneumatic and Hydraulic Student’s Name College Instructor’s Name Course Name: Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Task 1:- LO 1.1- Standards 3 LO 1.2 Task 2 Hydraulic Rudder System 7 LO 1.3 Task 3 - pneumatic reversible rotary actuation system 9 Task 4:- LO 2.1- items of pneumatic and hydraulic equipment 13 Pneumatic equipment 13 Task 5:- LO 2.2 - The performance characteristics 16 References 19 Task 1:- LO 1.1- Standards From the international standards ISO 1219 – 2 various regulation should be followed when making drawings for Pneumatic and Hydraulic to be used for human activities. These regulations are meant to assist in having a standard system for safety of users. Some of the requirements are; Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawing should conform to ISO 1219 – 2. All the components in the drawing should be according to the symbols recommended by the standard. All components should be named. The symbols that should be number Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawing are actuators, spring, basic pressure relieve, valve, pump and many other. The following numbers present various component Some of Symbols used are presented below; The ISO standards for drawing size and the information that should be contained on the drawing is ISO 1219. The junction of two lines is where to lines meet as shown by the symbol below; According to the standard pilot lines should be presented s follows . The above is presented in the drawing as shown below for both Hydraulic and Pneumatic. Pressure lines are lines showing and be represented as shown below . This can be present in the system as shown below Identification of symbols and their explains for the following circuit Graphic Description Adjustable control valve-This start and stop points or flow rate values form the optimum range in which the mechanical power of the pump rises. Here a small increase in the flow rate brings about a noticeable change in the Pm value Adjustable flow control valve allowing flow in one direction. While outside this bracket only large changes in the flow rate values are necessary to bring about a little change in the mechanical power of the pump. This is a flow valve that is operated by a roller plunger, spring-return. This includes energy, pressure and stress values associated with the pump. As the pump works, these values increase and thus the total head falls. It reached a minimum point which is the flow rate beyond which the pump cannot function Shuttle valve- allows the outlet have flow due high pressure in the inlet. This means that the inlet and outlet valves should be completely opened or else it can obstruct with the flow rate of the liquid. Double –acting, Single-rod cylinder - Pneumatic slow start fitted with inlet system. This system the most extensively used configuration in pneumatic conveying. These systems are suitable to multiple discharges, in which the material is picked up from single point and delivery to several points. It is essential to ensure that the flow rate stabilizes. From the Electro Pneumatic Double Bulkhead Lock the following components are used. Graphic Description Double- acting single rod cylinder Adjustable flow control valve. In order to maintain a desired flow rate of a desired volume of liquid, it is necessary that the centrifugal pump has a definite total head value. This equilibrium can be achieved when the total dynamic head produced by the pump becomes equal to that desired Solenoid –operated directional control valve with return spring For high pressure system and where the substance has to be fed into a system that is, maintained at a high pressure itself, cylinder are common type that used Fixed displacement System motor. Separator - separator that can be used in separating liquids in the system. It uses the difference in infusibility that exists between the substances. The blow tank has been for discharge type. Discharge is arranged through an off-take pipe which is positioned above the fluidizing membrane. With this type of blow tank, however, it is not possible to completely discharge the contents, although with a conical membrane very little material will remain When the mechanical power of the pump remains below the hydraulic power then the efficiency will increases. But as time passes, the mechanical power increases and exceeds the hydraulic power value and thus the efficiency starts decreasing. LO 1.2 Task 2 Hydraulic Rudder System For the given system diagrams, read, interpret and explain the operation of both hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system that that are used on a vessel. Fig 3– Hydraulic Rudder System Hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system are used to operate the luff and slew Indication equipment is extremely necessary as it gives the driver and idea of what is going on in the mechanism while he/she is operating it. It indicates the following: Engine water temperature Engine oil pressure Engine coolant level Hydraulic oil level Engine over speed Filter bypass Boost pressure Gearbox temperature Electro Hydraulic Sequence Circuit – ferry visor lock At every control surface of the system are actuators whose movements are determined by control computers. This provides the desire response. There is also the possibility of sending automatic signals originated from the ferry computers to perform some functions. These systems assist in stabilizing the vessel automatically. The movement of actuators at control surfaces is determined by computers thereby providing the expected response. When the player moves the control column, a signal is transmitted to a computer through a number of channels. This is to ensure that the signal is received by the computer. A triplex channel, for instance, includes three such channels. After the computer receives the signal, it performs a number of calculations of which involves adding signal voltages, before dividing them by the number of channels received. This gives he average signal voltage. Another channel is then added to the three signals, and the four signals then sent to the actuator on the control surface. This moves the surface. A series of potentiometers within the actuator then returns a signal to the computer to report the current position of the actuator. This signal is usually a negative signal. When the desired position of the actuator is attained, the outgoing and incoming signals cancel out each other thereby stationing the actuator at its present position. This completes the feedback loop. The automatic stability systems of ferry processor enable the ferry with only little or no input. In these diagrams we can note that protective devices are closed except in the instances where it is indicated normally open. In the system are actuators to ensure the flow from the source along the line is dropped to fit the length of system. LO 1.3 Task 3 - pneumatic reversible rotary actuation system The following diagram is pneumatic reversible rotary actuation system with a control valve for unlocking/locking system that operates a digital lock and allows flow when it is necessary. After the system is turned on, the speed control will turn on indicating that the proper set variables are reached or if exceed the correction measure is taken. The speed can thus be changed either by changing the number of poles. For changing the frequency, a variable and for changing the poles, there must be provision to do so, on the winding of the motors. For a given synchronous speed, the speed control can be achieved by the following methods also: (i) Variation of applied voltage. (ii) Variation of external rotor resistance The speed control system is a complete makeover of the analog and mechanical operations of the conventional speed control systems. In this system, signal processing is undertaken through a digital computer. The flexibility of the control system is improved tremendously because the computer is capacitated to receive signals from a myriad of sensors. The digital system also increases electronic stability since the control system depends less on the input values of critical electrical components as it happens in the analog systems. Once the computer has sensed force inputs and positions from sensors, they manipulate a series of differential equations to determine which of the command signals is appropriate to best execute the rooms temperature. The movement of actuators at control surfaces is determined by computers thereby providing the expected response. When the operation of a control works on a relatively simple command- a simple feedback loop that, in reality, is quite complex. Figure below illustrates the simple feedback loop command of a speed control system. Circuit design and simulation for pneumatic that includes speed control in both directions, which operates the locking mechanism for the rudder position. When the ship moves the control column, a signal is transmitted to a computer through called channels. From the diagram above the A triplex ensures that the signal is received by the computer. After the computer receives the signal, it performs a number of calculations chief of which involves adding signal voltages, before dividing them by the number of channels received. This gives he average signal voltage. Another channel is then added to the three signals, and the four signals then sent to the actuator on the control surface. This moves the surface. A series of potentiometers within the actuator then returns a signal to the computer to report the current position of the actuator. This signal is usually a negative signal. When the desired position of the actuator is attained, the outgoing and incoming signals cancel out each other thereby stationing the actuator at its present position. This completes the feedback loop. The automatic stability system is enabling the control of a flow rate with only little or no input from the user. Usually, sensor-fitted actuators are mounted in a system. These sensors are capable of sensing any changes in flow rate or saturation of liquid concentration. These signals cause automatic movements in control actuators thereby stabilizing the flow rate. These system is a conventional pneumatic circuits except that electrically controlled valves replace the mechanical ones. These valves are then operated by an electronic controller. The simple analog configuration allows the “feel” to be simulated through the control of electrical feel devices. These devices provide the necessary "feel" forces onto the manual controls. The speed control system is a complete makeover of the analog and mechanical operations of the conventional speed control systems. In this system, signal processing is undertaken through a series of digital computers, thereby enabling the ship captain to literally use computer. The flexibility of the speed control system is improved tremendously because the computers are capacitated to receive signals from a myriad of sensors like the tubes and the altimeters. The digital system also increases electronic stability since the control system depends less on the input values of critical electrical components as it happens in the analog systems. Once the computers have sensed force inputs and positions from sensors and captain controls, they manipulate a series of differential equations to determine which of the command signals is appropriate to best execute the pilot’s intentions. Task 4:- LO 2.1- items of pneumatic and hydraulic equipment Pneumatic equipment To begin with Pneumatic equipment has environmentally clean transportation of a large variety of fluid which is simple system and requires only a source of compressed gas, a feeding device. It is flexibility in pipeline routing and can distribute fluid to a number of locations and pick up fluid from several locations and deliver to a central point. However, they have some shortcomings such as high power consumption compared with mechanical conveying. It utilises new technology even low velocity dense phase systems. Limited conveying distance as although most systems are in the range of few meters up to 500m. Pneumatic Cylinder with cushioning and proximity sensors – is an actuator that provides force through stroke Solenoid operated 5 port 3 position NC Control valve- this are directional control valve that is they control the flow of the fluid into one direction. The valve control for energy source needs to be locked out. With this, it should be noted that more than one energy source may be involved in the lockout/tag out for water pumps hydraulic energy and thermal energy sources. In addition, the authorized employees shall also have sufficient knowledge in terms of the hazard potential of the identified energy source and the methods for energy control Gear pump – they are used to pump the liquid with the system. They have rotating gears to help in the production of flow. As such, the thrust generated by the pump depends on two basic things, which are the speed of the gear and the mass of that fluid to be pumped. For a pump to generate more thrust, it can either increase the speed of the gear or the mass it exits. Additional gears increases the efficiency through which the pump can increase its velocity of ever when one section is affected. Desiccant dryer- this placed between to valves for purpose of trying air. The experiment was set using a heat exchanger that is hair dryer with the intention of performing efficiency of electrical power input, fluid power, and total power. From the findings it was possible to find efficiency at different parameter variation that is the fan speed is off and the heater is off, the fan speed is low the heater is off, the fan speed is high and the heater is on. Then a heater was switched on and power efficiency was calculated based on low fan speed for low heater on as well as high heater on. Then the speed of the fan was increased to high speed while the heater was low and later adjusted to high speed. It can be noted Compression process is preceded by intake process while the exhaust is preceded by power. Intake is a process where the volume of cylinder is increased by a piston strokes at the top to the bottom while Compression takes place when valves close and the piston return to the top to compress the air. Shuttle valve- the value in the Pneumatic equipment will allow fluid to in the equipment from one source while closing the source out. This means it can not allow fluid to flow other source when there is a flow. Sequence valve – Sequence valve controls actuators that are in a sequence. These valves usually control pressure by use of adjustable springs within them. The sequential valves are usually used the sequential operations the operation that precedes the other. They react to the actuators within the equipment acting as automatic stabilizing of equipment. The simple configuration allows the “feel” to be simulated through the control of equipment. Most commonly used in the activated sludge and comprises of two basins in which air is pumped into the first basin through the bottom perforations. Liquid from the first cylinder is taken to the second basin where it is allowed to settle down. The degraded material is removed by gravitational settling. Sequencing Batch Reactor has a small variation in the conventional activated-sludge system. Since the only expenditure is through the pumping of air at high pressure at the bottom of the aerator, it has an advantage of being less costly. The other advantages are that it operates well in winter hence making it more suited for cold climates and they occupy smaller space. This system has a disadvantage that comes with its use of two basins which means a substantial amount of space is required. Hydraulic cylinder – is an actuator that provides force through stroke. It can be noted Compression process is preceded by intake process while the exhaust is preceded by power. Intake is a process where the volume of cylinder is increased by a piston strokes at the top to the bottom while Compression takes place when valves close and the piston return to the top to compress the air. Gear pump – they are used to pump the liquid with the system. They have rotating gears to help in the production of flow. As such, the thrust generated by the pump depends on two basic things, which are the speed of the gear and the mass of that fluid to be pumped. For a pump to generate more thrust, it can either increase the speed of the gear or the mass it exits. Additional gears increases the efficiency through which the pump can increase its velocity o ever when one section is affected. . As such, the thrust generated by the pump depends on two basic things, which are the speed of the gear and the mass of that fluid to be pumped. For a pump to generate more thrust, it can either increase the speed of the gear or the mass it exits. Additional gears increases the efficiency through which the pump can increase its velocity o ever when one section is affected. Pressure relief valve- this are applicable if the pressure goes down below the stated limit thus the relieve the system pressure Solenoid operated 4 Port 2 position spool valve—this are directional control valve that is they control the flow of the fluid into one direction. The valve control for energy source needs to be locked out. With this, it should be noted that more than one energy source may be involved in the lockout/tag out for water pumps hydraulic energy and thermal energy sources. In addition, the authorized employees shall also have sufficient knowledge in terms of the hazard potential of the identified energy source and the methods for energy control Pressure reducing valve – this are control valve that is applicable when the pressure is high that the set parameter. When pressure goes beyond the limit Task 5:- LO 2.2 - The performance characteristics A) Pneumatic Screw compressor – Comp air L series Model L 15. As their names suggest the kind of action they perform or the way they perform that action. Pneumatic Screw compressor has rotors in place of pistons to provide a continuous supply of air for the compressor to convert to outside pressure. This requires lower starting torque and operates at high speed. Because of screw type of rotor they have small vibrations thus changes of failure are minimised. B). Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor – Atlas copco ZH 7000 Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor works on the same principle with Pneumatic Centrifugal pump by increasing air velocity to be converted into pressure at the outside. The energy generated from the rotating impeller to the air plays an important role in accomplishing its mission. This means that the flow of pressure and air is interrelated. Pressing occurs because of change in air velocity leading to change in pressure. In Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor, where the inlet, outlet as well as the compressor lies at the same height and thus is connected to a rotating impeller which provides mechanical energy to the pressure The rotating impeller effectively changes one from of energy into another and this second form is responsible to make the air flow. The simple working principle of the pump involves a motor (producing mechanical energy), the liquid uses this energy and flows into the impeller of the Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor; this centrifugal force of the impeller helps to increase the velocity of air. In the moving compressor; mechanical energy gets transformed to kinetic energy because of which the pressure gets increased. This increased pressure coupled with the direction of movement of the impeller blades makes it go out through the outlet point. In order to completely evaluate the working/performance of a Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor, various different variables and characteristics associated with the Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor need to be observed and analysed. These include the air velocity, efficiency, mechanical power, power input, total dynamic head values, speed of the pneumatic Centrifugal compressor. Flow occurs because of change in pressure. Like in displacement pumps where the liquid already has some form of energy thus it is said to be primed. In pumps, where the inlet, outlet as well as the pump lies at the same height and thus is connected to a motor which provides mechanical energy to the fluid! The pump effectively changes one from of energy into another and this second form is responsible to make the liquid flow. The simple working principle of the pump involves a motor; the liquid uses this energy and flows into the impeller of the pump (in circular motion so centrifugal force being produced); this centrifugal force of the impeller helps to increase the velocity or flow rate of the fluid. In the moving fluid; mechanical energy gets transformed to kinetic energy because of which the pressure gets increased. This increased pressure coupled with the direction of movement of the impeller blades makes the fluid go out through the outlet point C). Hydraulic Radial piston pump – Bosch radial piston pump Fixed displacement Model EO55 Bosch radial piston pump Fixed displacement Model EO55 is able to be used in a wide range of pressures and has a variable displacement values. They are costly compared to the Bosch fixed displacement gear pump model RE 10213. When any part of the pump is damaged it functions are hampered meaning that it is more sensitive to damage than any gear pump. They have a high capacity than the gear pumps. These are the oldest and the simplest forms. As the name goes, in such pumps the liquids flow from one chamber to another occurs due to difference in volume and pressure in the two chambers. D). Hydraulic gear pump – Bosch fixed displacement gear pump model RE 10213 The Bosch fixed displacement gear pump model RE 10213 are low cost, rugged and have capacity of 3500 psi operating pressure and their displacement is fixed. They have rotating gears to help in the production of flow. As such, the thrust generated by the pump depends on two basic things, which are the speed of the gear and the mass of that fluid to be pumped. For a pump to generate more thrust, it can either increase the speed of the gear or the mass it exits. Additional gears increases the efficiency through which the pump can increase its velocity o ever when one section is affected. Which are studied with the help of characteristic curves of these variables? Hydraulic gear pump deploys various forms of energy and as per the first law of thermodynamic, where total work done can be equated to the change in each different type of energy and the change in pressure. We know, in order to maintain a desired flow rate of a desired volume of liquid, it is necessary that the pump has a definite total head value. This equilibrium can be achieved when the total dynamic head produced by the pump becomes equal to that desired. References Beater P., 2007. Pneumatic Drives. System Design, Modelling and Control. Berlin: Springer- Verlag,. Daines J.R., 2009. Introduction to Fluid Power. Chicago: The Goodheart-Willcox Publisher Doddannavar R & Barnard , A.. 2005. : Practical hydraulic systems. Newnes: Elsevier. Jones, M. & Peter Wypych, P., 2007. Introduction to Pneumatic Conveying. Centre for Bulk Solids and Particulate Technologies, The Universities of Newcastle and Wollongong. Watton J., 2009. Fundamentals of Fluid Power Control. New York: Cambridge University Press. Williams, K.C., 2008. Dense phase pneumatic conveying of powders: Design aspects and phenomena. Doctoral dissertation, University of Newcastle, Australia. Williams, K. C.,& Jones, M. G. 2003. Classification diagrams for dense-phase pneumatic conveying. Powder Handling and Processing, 15(6), 368–373. Read More