Finance & Accounting Essays

Contributions to NIC are being made by both the employer and employee. The employee has to make contributions to NIC at 11percent or 9.4 percent between the primary threshold limit and the upper earnings limit. A charge of 1 percent is payable for earnings above the upper earnings limit. No NIC is payable by the employee or employer on the earnings up to the primary threshold limit.

Financial growth, profit maximization, increasing a firm’s value, and enhancing shareholders' wealth are all synonymous objectives of an entity. But there are factors like taxation that affect shareholders' wealth maximization. This is because tax is not an expense but the government share of profits of the company and shareholders are entitled to profit remaining after taxes

The author states that the objective of financial management in any company is the maximization of shareholders' wealth. For achieving this goal financial management of a plays a subjective and positive role of raising equity and debt capital in optimum ratio and then investing such raised capital.

As per the finance director’s report, ‘interest expense increased during the period to £1.8 million. The increase in interest payable was as a direct result of interest rate rises, and a charge of £0.6 million due to increased borrowing necessitated from the purchase of the Baggeridge Brick Plc. shares during the financial year.’ 

The financial institutions, especially banks are cautious about lending fresh loans considering future delinquencies and consumers are not interested in availing home credits. This cautious step is a positive sign though there is a better momentum in cash flows among financial institutions with the implementation of the EESA 2008.

The paper “Challenges Facing the Chinese Banking Sector, Financial Intermediaries in the Chinese Market“ is an outstanding variant on literature review on finance & accounting. Banking is a core factor in financial development worldwide. This is a structured network of various financial institutions offering financial services in terms of savings, lending, and giving loans.

To conclude, this essay has discussed and explored the main differences between prudential and protective regulations. These differences were considered in three parts. In the first part, the differentiation between the prudential and the protective regulations in terms of the rationales have been argued.

McDonald's has generated market-like returns over the past 5- and 10-year periods. McDonald's has been one of the strongest performers in its industry over the five-year period. The company has got a relatively large number of competitors and looking at its sales, it is one of the largest players.

Statistics show a steady increase in the number of insolvency cases but this does not imply that the total value of the cases or increase in the bad-debt write-off rates for the economy as a whole (Wikipedia). Managerial errors in lack of strategy, lack of experience, leadership mistakes are the common causes of failure in high technology firms.

EVA, when used as a corporate philosophy, does not require precise estimations and other such processes. “A firm can roughly estimate its WACC a hurdle rate that is being used by firms in capital budgeting decisions. Therefore it is not difficult for employees to use EVA for decision making including operational decisions.”(Bhattacharya and Phani) 

Britain is an example of a welfare state; a welfare state is one where the state takes responsibility for the less advantageous people and provides benefits to them. These benefits are derived from the money of taxpayers who pay a National Insurance contribution that funds money for the benefits. Other welfare states include USA and Canada.

The debt counselor will advise a person about the ways of clearing the debt by exploring his business or income sources. They inform about lower interest rates, affordable monthly payments, avoiding bankruptcy and a deal with creditors. The programs offered by debt counselors will help the customers to consolidate the payments.

A separate cost is required to be kept from the start of manufacturing or other activity until the product or service gets completed. Such a system is called a job or terminal or specific costing. Job costing in fact helps in calculating a cost for a specific order and enumerating exact profitability. More accurate estimates can be made to the basis of earlier job costing to secure remunerative orders. 

On the other hand, the firm’s CEO has a significant experience on the specific industrial sector but he is rather unwilling to merge within the industry. It should be noticed that the decisions of the firm’s CEO are highly supported by the shareholders who are worried however that the expiration of patents could be a severe problem towards the completion of the various corporate projects. 

It is a customary method of ‘window dressing’ the financial statements.  Management gets a tool to manipulate the presentation of financial statements without violating prescribed accounting standards.  Article 9 of the Fourth Directive suggests that intangibles are permitted when national law permits their being shown as assets.

Weighted Cost of Capital (WACC) is the average minimum rate of return that a Company is expected to pay to its owners, creditors, and other sources of its capital. WACC is important because different sources of capital have different costs and also have different rates of return. It is necessary to calculate the average cost of capital.

In view of the drastic changes that have been taking place in the past two decades, there has been a consequent change in the platform of delivery, assessment of financials, the regulations governing assessment and delivery, and, what is more important, various other dimensions influencing the decision-making process.

The paper “Financial Services Market in the United Arab Emirates - the Market and Competitive Environment“ is an informative variant on a report on finance & accounting. The market structure and inclination in the United Arab Emirates are highly volatile and competitive owing to the recurrent realities that guide its existence.

Generally, the utilization of past information and history for the forecasting of future spot rates can be very irrelevant. Therefore, a testable insinuation can be found in the Martingale- random walk model. In other words, modifications in exchange rates are serially independent and random appearance of alterations is observed in this model.

Separate software packages for finance, sales, marketing, and manufacturing should be evaluated from several vendors. An additional concern is that the China facility will be moving to Shanghai within a few years. This may dictate that spending on computer infrastructure be maintained at a minimum level or made to be transportable after the move. 

If an emerging nation is unable to achieve currency stability it will not be able to move its economy ahead and instead may retrocede and lost ground against other emerging nations with well established monetary policies. The globalization movement has forced countries the economies of the nation across the globe to become more interdependent. 

There is absolutely no widely accepted definition for a hedge fund, it is widely acknowledged that the hedge fund investors are mostly accredited. It is worth mentioning, that hedge funds, most of the time, do not have to register with SEC and there are very few regulations imposed on them by the Governments.  

According to the customer, the tasks related to financial services are the most crucial of all issues. This attitude of the customer has turned out to be the sole marketing weapon of financial banks to acquire the global position in providing an excellent quality of performance and customer-focused services (Business Edge. Com, 2006).   

The author states that there is always the issue of the local agent (country of the recipient); the time required for the completion of the procedure can be therefore extended in case that problems appear either in the financial systems through which the remittance is sent or in the local agency.

When a specific model is applied in order to evaluate the relationship of optimal capital structure with specific financial indicators, it is very likely that the result will be influenced by the firm’s financial performance and especially the level of growth achieved in relation with the financial indicators employed in the relevant task.

The internal auditing is the activities concerned with recommending and directing organizations, with reference to how to improve and achieve the organizational goals. It’s an ongoing evaluation of the financial wellbeing of a company's operations by its own employees. Employees who carry out this function are called internal auditors.  (Coyle, 2005)

The author states that dealings that result in the money entering the country are credit (plus) items, while transactions that lead to money leaving the country are debit (minus) items.8 If there is more money flowing into a country than there is flowing out, that country has a positive BoP; if more money flows out than in, the BoP is negative.

The author states that the model is used mainly in the finance sector. However, the particular model could be used alternatively in order to value investment opportunities in other areas of the industry, especially products and services. The above model is really valuable regarding its specific area of application.

Аnother member believed to be Dаvid Blаnch flower, аrgued thаt the "current spike in inflаtion wаs mаinly relаted to lаrge gаs аnd electricity price increаses, which were still more thаn offsetting the recent fаllbаck in petrol prices." Inflаtion would fаll shаrply next yeаr аs their impаct dissipаted.

According to the chief executive, the main cause of the company’s success is the £1 billion worth of education-related activities during the past five years aside from the company’s contracts with another healthcare market, the increasing number of the police headquarters as well as other huge retail store outlets all over the country. 

The standard error is ± 8.3686, which is also coming out more than or near about contribution of the Number of Beds. This can be also seen from the previous example (c), where for 295 beds the contribution is only 6.8145, which is less than the standard error for the regression equation for the model.

The author states that the theory and basis of taxation is a necessity. The existence of a government is a necessity and it cannot continue to exist without any means to pay the expenses incurred for its operations. Thus, there is a reciprocal duty of protection and support between the State and its inhabitants. 

The design and the implementation of an appropriate monetary policy can be considered as a challenging task for all countries internationally. Moreover, the formulation of the interest rates can be a complex procedure especially if there are no specific targets for the progress of the economy in the future.

An audit is also called an engagement of assurance with five important elements such as a three-party relationship that involves the accountant who is professional including the responsible party and the user’s intention. The other elements that may be considered are subject matter, suitable criteria, engagement process, and the conclusion. 

The fifth amendment is that Conte has the right to order Frantek to replace the unsatisfactory chip in the remaining 41,000 boards. It was also provided that the cost of replacement is to be paid by Frantek and that any boards not ordered for chip replacement will be shipped to Conte at some specified future date.

The paper "Launching The Credit Card In Romania" Is a perfect example of a Finance and Accounting Case Study. A credit card is an electronically enabled card that allows its holder to make purchases and payments of goods and services with a promise of paying for them at a later date. A credit card industry requires the involvement of four main players.

While the SEC is the primary enforcer of American securities laws, the individual state also has its own regulatory bodies. The majority of states have left the anti-fraud regulations to the SEC and the other Self Regulatory Organizations but they have retained the power and the rights to bring about legal action against the companies and individuals who violate securities laws.

In this paper discussion about offshoring and the advantages and disadvantages of it presented. In conclusion, it can be said that, although offshoring is associated with many types of risks such as data protection and intellectual property and Stability of the offshore countries, the advantages associated is many more times the risks.  

Financial structure and its impact on the banking industry has been a subject of interest for many economists. They have extensively investigated the relationship between financial and growth. The results of these studies show that financial development has a strong and positive impact on the economic growth of a company.  

The author states that banking regulation and supervision are two different but related concepts whereby, regulation entails a set of set rules, regulations that are designed to govern the behavior of the banking system. The aims of banking regulation are to direct the entire banking system on what should be done.

The paper "Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm" is a great example of a Finance and Accounting Case Study. The service delivery industry is one of the outstanding industries within any economy. It has experienced a lot of significant developments and progressive strides. The financial service is one of the most advancing service sectors in the world. 

Accounting personnel in organizations are expected to handle purely the numbers and financial balancing responsibilities. On the contrary, they too are noted for knowing which aspects of business operation primarily need assessment and adjustment in the organization for the sake of further future progress for the whole business group.  

The author states that this aspect jeopardizes the ability of future generations to acquire resources for their survival. Apart from this, the report formulates proposals that could ensure change is implemented and appreciated by the American people. It calls for political unity and advocacy to come up with better ideas to change the debt situation.

Research related to marketing services in the banking and finance sector has picked considerable momentum over the past 3 decades. The outcome is a growing knowledge base that is relative to how to service customers perceive, evaluate and conceptualize service delivery in addition to how these factors influence customer perceptions and behaviors.

The Financial analysts and governing bodies from various parts of the world are now working upon the approval of a single financial reporting and disclosure standard to be used globally so that the differences due to different disclosure requirements. For that, IFRS has been applied to be recognized as the single standard to be followed by all the companies globally.

This research deals with the important concepts related to option pricing with methods like the Black Scholes method and the Binomial method. The fundamentals of option theory, European options, American options, put-call parity have been discussed in the course of the research. The relationship between these two methods has also been highlighted.

Net Foreign wealth or Net Foreign Asset is the exposure of a country in terms of its liability. Simply put, Net Foreign Asset is the total current value of its offshore asset less than the current value of other countries’ assets within its borders. And, Current Account is the sum of Balance of Trade, net Factor Income, and net Transfer Payments.

While Marketing ensures a continuous inflow of funds, Accounting ensures that it is widely utilized for greater efficiency and higher profitability. Thus, any organization can survive and prosper only if these two vital management functions are properly synchronized and work in tandem with one another (Bases 2004).

The leverage position of Next Plc is very high which can expose it to financial hazards, on the other hand, the capital mix of Ted Baker Plc has limited debt component but the high equity base has diluted the earnings of the company. So it can be said that investing in both companies has its own set of advantages as well as limitations. 

Liquidity ratios are a measure of ascertaining the day to day running of a company; it is merely a measure of ascertaining a company’s ability to pay off its obligations as they fall due. These obligations are generally the current liabilities and these current liabilities can be met by having appropriate current assets.