Finance & Accounting Essays

There are three different approaches to a study in this regard. These are qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies. The quantitative aspect of the research only discovers and explores the numerical proof and data available on the topic. Qualitative research on the other only depends on data gathered from observations, surveys, and non-empirical sources.

Many positive effects of FDI on employment in Uganda have been discussed. The negative effects of FDI on employment such as child labor and low paid jobs that do not require skills have not been left out. Data gathered through secondary research during the course of this research is found to be less reliable in gauging the effects of FDI on employment in Uganda and needs to be validated against quantitative and qualitative information.

Entrepreneurial income is identifiable in its accounts thus determining the success of the venture. A Bank account equally allows an individual to comprehend market dynamics. Indeed, bank accounts allow entrepreneurs to comprehend income statements thus making it simple to rank their financial performance.

The share capital, donations, bank loans, assets are some of the items which may form a part of this director’s report. The directors’ report will also include future plans of either going public or if already a public company the share allocation plans would be discussed. Apart from the director’s report notes to accounts will be provided at the end which will support the financial statements (BERR, 2009).

Therefore, statutory audits play a very crucial role by giving an opinion on whether the audited entities’ financial reports are true and fair, thereby, facilitating informed decision- making of the users of such an opinion. Also, it is evident in the analysis that there is an expectation gap and it is necessary to manage this gap. As noted by Alvarado, this gap can be managed through creation of awareness to stakeholders about limitations. 

The increase in subprime lending globally is a phenomenon that presents a trend for continuous expansion. The above issue is highlighted by Rose (2007, 1) who states that a recent dramatic rise in subprime foreclosures has led to calls for restrictions against a range of loan features loosely termed ‘predatory’’.

The entrance of China into the World Trade Organization (WTO) introduces cheap foreign capital and technology, but a large scale and sudden capital flows and foreign speculation significantly increase the likelihood of a twin crisis. At the moment, the rapid increase in China’s foreign exchange reserves suggests that there is a large amount of speculative money in China in anticipation of an appreciation of the RMB.

The P/E ratio has decreased. This is due to the fact that M&S is an established company and its growth potential has been decreasing. But the book value per share has been increasing which is good on the side of the company. The market price is relatively lower times the book value although the return on equity is high.

When it is evident from such analysis and also from the investigation of other factors and information that the business of borrower will remain a going concern that can easily service the costs and principal repayments of loans, then the only  lender should decide in favor of lending. Otherwise, the lender should shy away from the proposal. 

Finance (capital) a scarce factor of production is required by firms at the highest possible level to maximize production. All over the world, of late, countries follow the pattern of a consumption economy wherein consumption is encouraged by giving out loans to consumers for the purchase of goods, services, and even homes.

Section 201 of the Act clearly sets forth specifications to eliminate this type of occurrence. This aspect represents one of the strongest provisions of the Act in that it overrode “…the long-standing objections of the accounting industry to the creation of an independent regulatory body that would set standards and discipline auditors”.

The significant factor about total market demand is that it varies according to market conditions. Because of this, it can be called the market demand function or response function. Sales Phasing and % Mix Information and Calculation of Mixes for 2006, Forecast mix for 2007, and Proposed Sales and mix for 2008.

Generally, more profitable investments will be less liquid and a balance has to be achieved. Another important decision is about financing the various departments of the firm. Both are targeted at ensuring the overall satisfaction of the company's shareholders.

Even though it has its roots in the Asian financial crisis of 1997, the market turmoil was mainly created as cheap loans were given without background verification as the concentration was on quantity rather than n quality. Secondly, as the loans were passed on to financial institutions, the banks did not carry risks.

Increases in cost for Marketing are very high and require detailed review to identify whether there have been omissions in budgeting and also to identify individual items that have contributed towards high costs. All other areas with the exception of Personnel have also to be investigated for drawing conclusions.

The comment that auditors are not independent is not unfounded. In recent past independence of auditors has faced the wrath of various governing and other regulatory authorities. The professional independence of auditors has been held responsible for many major corporate collapses and financial debacles very recently. 

The development of BITs does not lead to the limitation of their powers within the international community; all their principles (including the principle of ‘fair and equitable treatment’) continue to offer to foreign investors specific benefits and protection under the terms that the requirements of BITs are met.    

Later on, as all the FDI increased the exchange rates of Korea and Taiwan as well they too stopped being FDI favorites in the early nineties. The Japanese firms were now faced with the dilemma of shifting their FDI’s back into ASEAN countries to avail the advantages of low-cost labor. The same happened to the ASEAN countries eventually and their exchange rates increased as well. Now Japan chose China for its large consumer market and low wages.

It is argued that financial intermediation is the process which allows the process of investment and savings to take place. Financial intermediaries are firms who borrow from those who want to save and lend the same to those who want funding to finance themselves. (Winton, 2002). However, the role played by banks has greatly increased their overall importance in modern economies.

Whereas the methods based on discounted cash flows provide a more objective basis for evaluating and selecting investment projects. These methods take into account both magnitude and timings of expected cash flows in each period of the project’s life. The discounted cash flow methods offer a valuation based on future earning capacity.

While some of the relationships between NPV, IRR, and cash-flow timing seem intuitive--indeed, they are discussed in popular introductory textbooks--until now a precise mathematical link has not been established. Nor has there been adequate formal development of the role of duration in explaining ranking conflicts between projects.

To arrive at a proper investment decision in the present analysis, considering the various factors discussed in detail, although the volatility of the shares of Barclays Bank is slightly higher than that of HSBC and the current dividend level is lower, it is strongly recommended that the investor can buy the shares of BARCLAYS having higher expected returns and projected earnings growth rate coupled with the long term dividend growth rate.

The lesson that needs to be learned from Toyota is that the originators and contributors of profits and earnings are equally important as profits and therefore they need to be respected and rewarded. Mere interpretation of accounting data does not guarantee world recognition. Through a constant urge for product excellence and good corporate citizenship, a willingness to adapt to change and remaining committed to long terms goals.

The minimum Level is the stock level which indicates that the stocks have reached their lowest levels. However, at this stage, it may be desirable to place Orders for fresh stocks. The information it provides to Mr. John is that there may be a future dearth of materials if orders are not placed on time.

Congress adopts laws, makes declarations of war, and acts as an overseer of the executive and judicial branches. Its most significant annual duty is to craft the federal budget which determines how federal revenues will be allocated. Nearly $3 trillion, generated primarily from tax income, is portioned to everything the federal government funds.

Successful banking in the future will require a deep understanding of the steps of banking and of the different trends and evolutionary paths emerging in each. But far from banks being left behind the emerging developments, banking will continue to remain at the center of all the change. Banks, as institutions, have existed and evolved for hundreds of years.

London Stock Market is the meeting place for the buyers (or investors) and the sellers of stocks listed in the stock exchange to meet.  Based on this research, it is very evident that competition of the past, the present, or the future will not erode its reputation a bit. For, the secret to the London Stock Exchange's success is that the exchange has stringent rules and procedures that entice investors.

The idea here is that Britain’s hesitation, apart from the economic disadvantages, is also attributed to the absence of political institutions which are capable of putting in place economic safety valves (such as real labor mobility and larger interregional fiscal transfers) will lead to destabilizing tensions between participating member states which may undermine the whole EMU project. (p. 61)

Everyone living in the United States is made aware of the important role of stock markets in their lives and in the lives of many others who cannot avoid witnessing the consequences of stock price movements on their economic fortunes. The stock market is also a good barometer or indicator of the overall health of the economy.

SABMiller Plc is more than twice efficient in collecting cash out of its credit sales from its debtors than the Scottish and Newcastle Plc. But both the companies take an almost equal number of days to finish their entire stock and generate sales. The Earning Per Share offered by both the companies has an increasing trend.

Enron was an energy-related company engaged in traditional energy-related services, trading energy commodities, futures transactions, and other finance activities. In December 2001 Enron filed for bankruptcy, the largest corporate failure in US history. The bankruptcy filing followed investment write-offs and related earnings restatements had been previously “hidden”.  

In modern global banking firms, ICTs are intensively utilized for electronic transactional processing and in supporting banking experts in accomplishing their global tasks across geographical locations and time zones. The use of ICTs by global bankers is crucial to access real-time information, anytime and anywhere.

Barclaycards should continue to strengthen what makes them leaders i.e. their core competitive advantage. They should continue to maintain their application of information-based customer management (IBCM) which gives insight into the behavior of customers and enables, together with increasing advertising of their brand in order to reach more customers and serves them profitably.

The next German bank that is to be considered for this paper is the German Hypo Real Estate Bank. “Hypo Real Estate Group is headed by hypo real estate holding AG, a public company with headquarters in Munich, Germany, which is responsible for strategic guidance and acts as a gateway to equity and debt markets.” 

Today Quicken is one of the leading financial software providers of financial and business management solutions around the world providing its vast operation. Quicken continues to expand its organization with the aim of helping business owners to take control of their business process and at the same time, it continued to develop new and modernized tools to keep on top of their business and personal finance. 

All said and done the public and private sector concerns can really facilitate the actual basis of the sound working methodologies as far as the financial reporting aspects are concerned. It is with the assistance of either of these or even in a combination of the two that the result at the end could one be of success and accomplishment.

Another possibility that companies may look into is the possibility to have a costing method that is more accurate and more reflective of the true cost of the product. Generically, accounting has always been aiming for accurate reporting of its cost, otherwise, companies may just be miscalculating their incomes.

The company places the interests of stakeholders above their own. This is reflected in its "approach towards managing its people, exceeding expectations of its customers, making a difference in communities, and working with regulators." Considering all the above reasons, we can conclude that investing in Standard Chartered is a prudent decision.

The effects combined outweigh the income effect and so we find that all the previously mentioned channels play crucial roles so that interest rate hikes result in a contraction in the market for housing. An interest rate cut policy, given the nature of this channel, would have exactly the opposite effects.

The economy has to solely depend on the automatic mechanism of the market for mitigating the crisis in the balance of payment of a country. Although it is true that monetary policy even fails under the automatic mechanism, it works best if it can be employed under a floating exchange rate regime.

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is defined by Tutor2 Limited, (2005) as “a framework for evaluating the social costs and benefits of an investment project.” Tutor2 Limited, (2005) adds: “This involves identifying, measuring and comparing the private costs and negative externalities of a scheme with its private benefits and positive externalities, using money as a measure of value.”

Thus the University’s balanced scorecard comprises a set of performance indicators linked to the Institution’s strategic goals. The performance areas and the indicators have been designed to suit the broad perspectives of goals and operational performance outlined by the Mission Statement of the University. 

On June 5, 2003, six senior Xerox executives also settled this issue with SEC and also agreed to pay Penalty, Taxes, and Interest totaling $ 22 Million. “The payment settles legal action stemming from KPMG's involvement in Xerox's fraudulent financial reporting for 1997 through 2000.” ( Farrell 2005).

The company also violated the Defense Department Directive 1344.7 and the Securities and Exchange Act of 1933. In retaliation, First Command Chief Executive Officer Lamar Smith denied all their charges because the main thrust of the company to let the soldiers choose to save in an investment fund or not to invest at all in their future. 

Many seem to be buried in the politics of marketization. Not only management differs across the sector (Denhart, Denhardt & Aristigueta, 2002), but the services delivered are also different. In the politics of marketization and competition, many have perceived that competition increases efficiency but in reality, it produces radical evil.

Minimum Balance: Minimum balance is an amount that the issuers set for every customer. This is normally based on the opening balance of the credit card. Most banks normally calculate the minimum amount due based on a percentage of the balance due on the credit cards. This is normally 3% - 5% of the total amount due.

The general idea is that where interest rates move up, inflation tends to slow down, and where interest rates go down, inflation tends to inch upwards. Therefore, interest rate tweaks either upward or downward can affect monetary policy by nudging the rate of inflation downwards or upwards and toward the desired inflation rate levels.

Forecasting using the cash flows and the net present value is a necessary tool in order to prevent what happened to Barings bank of London. Lance Davis stated that “ No one believes that history repeats itself exactly, but many economic historians must have nodded knowingly when they opened their morning newspapers on February 27, 1995. 

Recent corporate scandals have resulted in an enhanced thrust and focus on corporate governance. Some of the significant aspects that Companies are now required to take into account is increased disclosure and transparency within the organization, as well as independent review and audit of financial statements.  

Notwithstanding the drawbacks of the flat tax, the overall economic gain that could be experienced is sufficient to warrant the analyst to realize that this particular approach is far superior to the system of taxation that currently exists within the United States.